Winter kakolweni: ezikhulayo, ukucutshungulwa nezinhlobonhlobo

Winter kakolweni - ukudla kwezitshalo ezibalulekile. Irrigation kudala izimo esihle kakhulu ekukhuleni kwayo efanele nokuthuthukiswa evamile futhi ukuthuthukisa hardiness yayo, esinikela ezinhle isitshalo ubungqabavu.

Winter kakolweni: kungenzeka ezithela ephakeme

Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe olunzulu e-UK atshala isilinganiso 69,56 t / ha kakolweni, kuyilapho e-Netherlands - 81,2 c / ha. Emapulazini amaningi ozijwayele olunzulu ebusika kakolweni kulinywe technology, inyatheliswe eniselwa ngenkasa ezithela ezinzile 60 noma ngisho 70 quintals ehektheleni. Ukuvuna eliphakeme safinyelela 92,4 centners ehektheleni.

Ngaphansi kwezimo Agro-zezulu ezikahle kungenziwa ngempela uthole isivuno ngempela eliphezulu. Winter kakolweni kuyelapha ku emazweni ekuniseleni - unika isivuno kuze kube eziyikhulu khilogremu ehektheleni. Isiko ukuthi ekuniseleni kwezitshalo rotations Ayatshalwa kwi USilo noma okuphakelayo oluhlaza futhi yakhululwa emva it isetshenziswa emva ukusika endaweni ngaphansi izitshalo okusanhlamvu, imifino nezitshalo aklaba.

izici eziphilayo kakolweni ebusika

Ukolweni utshani kungokwalabo umndeni, ubusika inikeza izithombo, notshani ugijima ekwindla ukuqina. Ngemva overwintering izitshalo ukuthuthukiswa uyaqhubeka. It uqala kwamangqamuzana iphuzu ezikhulayo. ukukhula aqinile luncike amandla amacembe nezimpande okuqukethwe amanzi kwezicubu. amanzi ukugcwaliswa Okugcwele ezidingekile amaseli ukulondoloza turgor yabo esisuka, ukwandisa isibalo imibungu ukuze izindlebe esizayo. Lena inkathi ebalulekile ekuphileni isitshalo. Isikhathi esibucayi empilweni kakolweni ebusika elisukela ophumayo tube ukuze ripeness acidosis.

Early ukuthambisa embryonic phambi spikelets laying kwandisa umthamo okusanhlamvu, futhi ayakhala izimbali ekuqaleni kumiswa kwandisa izimbali athuthukile. Phakathi zom kanye kokukhulelwa uma iyakhula izitshalo ukuphefumula nokusaphaza izinto eziphilayo, izitshalo ikakhulukazi ebucayi ukuze okweqile kanye imimoya ashisayo ukuphi. kule nkathi Optimum lokushisa run umoya 14-19 ° C, at 35 ° C izitshalo ancipha kakhulu photosynthesis isivuno kuyehla kube 20, futhi at 40 ° C - 50%. Futhi izenzo nomswakama omubi ongaphakeme nomoya ezomile. Growing kakolweni ebusika on isizinda ukuchayeka okushisa aphakeme kanye nomswakama kudinga ukunakwa.

Efaka umquba kakolweni ebusika

Winter kakolweni kuyinto sasivumela eside isikhathi izimila, ivumela wakhe ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele nezakhi emhlabathini. Nokho, isidingo amabhethri, yena ihlukile, kuncike isikhathi ukukhula plant. Ngakho-ke, ebusika kakolweni kokukhulelwa entwasahlobo kufanelekile.

I-nitrogen ibaluleke ngesikhathi yokukhula, kodwa iningi uye wakwenza it is zimuncwe yizimila ngezigaba, lapho phumelani tube nezindlebe. Efaka umquba kakolweni ebusika kubalulekile ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kwaba ngalesi sikhathi ngenxa lokushisa ongaphakeme futhi kungenzeka amanzi enhlabathini nitrification izinqubo kungenziwa ukuyiveza, kanye izona amanzi kude nitrogen nitrate ku izingqimba ezijulile inhlabathi, izitshalo bangezwa nitrogen yokulamba ngisho kahle zenhlabathi yabo. Lokhu kuwachaza kahle imiphumela ukusebenza high lapho efaka umquba kakolweni ebusika entwasahlobo kahle eyenziwa.

Phakathi ukuhluma futhi ukuthuthuka komqondo kakolweni livela ukufuneka kakhulu phosphorus umsoco, kukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa evamile kohlelo impande. Nge umswakama okuhle ukutholakala izimpande akwazi ukungena ekwindla kuya 1 imitha ukujula, ekhuthaza hardiness kakolweni ebusika. Phosphorus kuqinisa degree yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo futhi inani elikhulu okusanhlamvu indlebe ngayinye. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela ke ekuqaleni ukukhula ayikwazi inxeshezelwa noma yiziphi izinhlinzeko zalo Umanyolo amandla plant ngolunye usuku.

I ethile potassium kalula digestible enhlabathini ngesikhathi kusuka ekuqaleni ukukhula ukuze zom Imiphumela ukolweni esikhamweni lag okuphawulekayo ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni izithombo lag - ziba more sensitive ukuhlukahluka lokushisa futhi inhlabathi umswakama. ilungiselelo lolwenetisako isitshalo phosphorus kanye potassium ekwindla kwandisa hardiness kakolweni ebusika, futhi benezincwadi ezanele nitrogen kwandisa okuqukethwe amaprotheni ku okusanhlamvu. I ngokweqile wale mithandazo, kanye ngokweqile umswakama, okuholela ukutshala yokulala.

kakolweni ebusika

Izifunda babe abalimi njalo indlela ngamunye. Izinhlobonhlobo kakolweni ebusika esekhulile ngaphansi ngenkasa kufanele kumakwe ekuphenduleni Umanyolo okusezingeni eliphezulu, umswakama ezengeziwe inhlabathi kanye ukumelana nokufaka izifo fungal.

Kuhle kakhulu kakolweni kukhona ensundu black umhlaba inhlabathi ukuthungwa yayo, isilinganiso, aeration ezinhle. Lokho kakolweni ebusika, lifuna nenhlabathi. Akulungele ke - usawoti, noku- namaxhaphozi. izinhlobonhlobo Modern kakolweni ebusika, kuthiwa wasebenzisa kuncike esifundeni, lokhu okulandelayo:

• Tarasovskaya bristlecone - cultured e Voronezh futhi Rostov izifunda.
• Rosinka Tarasovskaya - okusezingeni eliphezulu ezihlukahlukene ngibekezele.
• Prestige - I-ezindaweni (the iVolga esifundeni, North-Caucasus republic) yesithwathwa ngasekupheleni.
• Severodonetsk wejubili (wanda ngezinga Kuban, Krasnodar, Rostov ku emazweni eNorth Caucasus).
• Spring Tarasovskiy - etshalwa eningizimu.
• Agasti - izinhlobo nesomiso ukumelana.
• UMbusi Don.
• Don 105.
• Kamyshanka-3 - kutshalwa ku Lower iVolga.
• Nemchinovskaya-57 no-24.
• Moscow, 39 kanye no 56.
• Galina.

Ebangeni lokugcina kulolu hlu ezifuywa Black Earth, okusanhlamvu kwabo has a high baking izinga.

ebusika kakolweni Umanyolo

Nge isicelo kwesokudla kukamanyolo kwezolimo eniselwayo sokuvuna siyenyuka sisuka 40 ku-70%. Umanyolo sithole ukolo ebusika kakhulu ukwandisa umkhiqizo nokusanhlamvu izinga. Esikhathini ucwaningo we-Institute of kwezolimo ezweni kwezitshalo eniselwayo kakolweni ebusika lenyuka lisuka kwabangaba quintals ehektheleni 28,3 kuya 51,9.

Ukwanda isivuno kusuka izinga elilungile nitrogen Umanyolo eningizimu yezwe kwaba 10-10,6, kusukela phosphate - 1.2-1.6, futhi kungani leso senzo sabo ngokuhlanganyela - 12,1-16,9 t / ga.To khona ukolo ebusika ngezindlela ezahlukene zilalela amabhethri ngabanye. Ekuphetheni ososayensi, umanyolo umquba kufanele lwenziwe kuphela uma inhlabathi engaphansi kuka-300 mg / kg potassium ephathekayo.

Ukukala zikamanyolo ibalwa ibhalansi indlela, ngokusekelwe ezingeni isivuno kuhlelwe, ukutholakala izakhi enhlabathini kanye Coefficient digestibility izitshalo. KWAMAGUNDANE kakolweni ebusika iyehlisa nekusebenta ukusetshenziswa Umanyolo, ukunciphisa sokuvuna ifinyelela 12-15%.

Kuvele reserve kubalulekile okwandisa ukusebenza kukamanyolo ahlukahlukene kakolweni ubusika Isikhala iyunifomu kakhulu emkhakheni. Ngalokhu isimo kumele wasondela ngokucophelela. Nitrogen umquba sithole ukolo ebusika kumele kusetshenziswe ngokukhetha, ikhumbula inhlabathi kanye zezulu izimo zendawo, kanye biology of izinhlobo kutshalwa, ukubaluleka umkhiqizo okuhleliwe.

Lapho esekhulile nenhlabathi esindayo naphakathi nge utshani obukhulu wamanzi phansi futhi ongaphakeme nitrogen okuqukethwe enhlabathini ukuze kwenziwe umquba kangcono wahlukanisa - two-thirds imithetho eyisisekelo ngaphansi ukwelashwa, kanti bonke abanye - ku ukugqoka ekupheleni entwasahlobo tillering.

On nenhlabathi ukukhanya, kanye esindayo, nge kunalokho engajulile amanzi phansi ukulahlekelwa kungenzeka kukamanyolo nitrogen, ngakho-30% inani lenzalo yonyaka kumele isetshenziswe ngaphansi presowing kulinywe, lonke - kule yokudla entwasahlobo. Ezindaweni lapho nitrogen izinqolobane enhlabathini anda, okwenza nitrogen Umanyolo ekwindla zingenzeki ngoba eyayiyoholela yokukhuphuka zalesi sihlahla, ukuqina izitshalo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, u-40% izinga lonyaka nitrogen isetshenziswa kwentwasahlobo, kuyilapho 60% - kamuva.

Ososayensi e-Germany, Belgium, Great Britain Austria bakholelwa ukuthi ukuze uthole 80-95 kg / ha kakolweni ebusika engathandeki nitrogen umquba nomthelela esikhathini sangaphambi sokuhlwanyela, ngakho konke izinga nitrogen Kunconywa ukwaba at 3-4 kokukhulelwa, futhi isicelo kukamanyolo kumele kuhlanganiswe ukwethulwa nesikhunta.

Ukuze uthuthukise izinga zokusanhlamvu kakolweni ebusika okuphakelayo urea sokulima nangokuvuna isigaba. EJalimane, ngaphansi kakolweni ebusika ukwenza umquba liquid ngesilinganiso 20-30 cubic metres ehektheleni, sisisebenzise ngaphambi kokutshala noma ngesikhathi yokukhula. Abacwaningi e-France ne-United States bathi ukuthola isivuno 80 DT / ha ngempela zidinga ukusetshenziswa samanzi okunisela kanye nesicelo foliar kukamanyolo kulolu ketshezi nesiko uhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto aqukethe macro- futhi micronutrients (Zn, MG, Fe, B). Lokhu kakolweni ukuvundiswa ebusika kuthuthukisa izinga kwezitshalo kanye nokuqinisekisa ekukhuleni kwayo ngo 2-6 centners ehektheleni.

kakolweni

Cross-ukuhlwanyela indlela ku-hectare ngayinye silondoloza 50-60 kg imbewu, ukwanda okusanhlamvu isivuno ngokuziqhathanisa avaliwe sokuzivivinya ukuhlwanyelwa ifinyelela quintals eziyisikhombisa ehektheleni. Ngakho-ke, ebusika kakolweni kutshalwe cross, ivaliwe sokuzivivinya, ibhande razbrosnym izindlela. Okuvame kakhulu inqubo ezivamile - ne aisles of 15 cm, kuhambisana tramline.

Lapho ipulazi Kwenziwa lulwimi yemifino kakolweni ebusika izinhlobo, it Kunconywa ezintathu umugqa ibhande sokuhlwanyela, esihlinzeka ukwanda isivuno kuqhathaniswa ngomugqa ukuhlwanyelwa. Okwenziwe kahle futhi embhedeni zokutshala, okuyinto eyenziwa nenye imbewu izinhlobo yemifino kanye ezivamile. Ngenxa ngodobo nezitshalo ngcono izakhiwo 10-15% phytoclimate kuyathuthuka, okwenza oluningiliziwe lwendlela, engabizi futhi ukusetshenziswa reserves umswakama, ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi okushisa aphakeme, ngaleyo ndlela likhula 8-24% kakolweni lokumelana, isibonelo, impande rots.

ebusika kakolweni kwezitshalo kuncike kakhulu ayihlwanyelayo isikhathi. Nsuku zonke walahlekelwa ukuphila kunciphisa okusanhlamvu isivuno by 20-60 kg. ebusika kakolweni zokutshala kumele kwenziwe ngesikhathi. Ikakhulukazi ngokucijile kunciphisa isivuno ayihlwanyele Okthoba, ngaphezu kwanoma basabela korotkostebelchatye izinhlobo ezidinga umnqamulajuqu ngaphambili. imbewu ezincane kufanele kutshalwe engajulile, futhi ezinkulu - ezijulile. ibhekelela ephansi ku imbewu enhlabathini eyenziwa emoyeni seeders noma amayunithi zihlangene, likhuthaza nokwanda okuphawulekayo isivuno kwezitshalo.

Ukuhlwanyela imbewu uthola isimiso incike ubukhulu ezihlukahlukene, imbewu, ayihlwanyelayo izinsuku ezikhulayo esifundeni. Izinga seeding kufanele ingafani kuxhomeke nasekutheni yiziphi degree ukungcoliswa emkhakheni.

Ukunakekela izitshalo

Ukunakekela izitshalo kuhlanganisa titibonelo letinkhulu tekuvumelana, eqhuba ukuvundiswa, entwasahlobo umzabalazo ezinyantisayo indawo yokuhlala, kanye ukhula nezilokazane nezifo ezihlukahlukene. Ezindaweni inala iqhwa iqhwa nokugcinwa kufanele kwenziwe, ethuthukisa izitshalo ubusika futhi kukhulisa umswakama kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela inhlabathi. ukunakekelwa Spring izitshalo iqala ukuvundisa amahlumela ezinyantisayo. Emasimini, okuyinto ukulungele ngenkasa ezikhulayo, ezinyantisayo kumele kwenziwe ikhumbula izici inethiwekhi wokunisela. Ephambi kwezinduna emapheshana eniselwayo kufanele kube ezinyantisayo kuphela kanye ukuhlwanyelwa; emiseleni imiphumela emihle etholakala ngokuzikhandla ezinyantisayo hoe yokunyathelisa.

Ephambi kwezinduna ukhula in izitshalo lokucubungula ebusika kufanele sigcwaliswe yokubulala ukhula kakolweni. Ngaphambi ukutshala izitshalo wafutha ku tube. Esikhathini esifanayo, izitshalo kufanele kuthathwe ngokumelene powdery isikhutha noma leaf ukugqwala. ebusika isifo kakolweni ziphathwe imithi letindzala kuyinto "Bayletonomil" futhi "fundazol".

Uma izitshalo babe chinch bug, aphid, uhambo, piyavitsy, indlela ayisebenzisayo "Metaphase" noma "phosphamide", u-40%. Care Operations izitshalo kakolweni kudingeka ukuhlanganisa futhi uzifeze izikhathi ezimbili noma ezintathu, lapho konga imali, abasebenzi kanye nesikhathi. Icubungula izitshalo desirably eyenziwa ukuthambisa ngokuhlanganisa isicelo kwala magciwane ngamanzi wokunisela.

Encishisiwe ebusika kakolweni incike umfutho kanye isikhathi kwezitshalo nokufaka bengase bazikhandlele ngaphansi ngenkasa 25-50% of zabasebenzi, futhi kusho alungele ukuvunwa ikhula kathathu, izinga isivuno is kakhulu ziyancipha. Isicelo Turan ku eniselwa ngenkasa ngempela izinga kahle umuthi kg ezintathu / ha a.i. Ukwelashwa Kwenziwa ngesikhathi ekupheleni tillering. On cultivars othambekele ababengenise kuyo, okwenza kuyinsakavukela esikhulu, futhi ngakolunye - the ezincane. Icubungula ukuvakasha korotkostebelchatyh kakolweni ebusika cultivars kuyinto engeke asebenze.

ngenkasa

Irrigation - isici main ku isivuno eliphezulu kakolweni ebusika kuzo zonke izifunda kulinywe yayo. Ukwanda okusanhlamvu isivuno ngenkasa - kuyinto ubuchwepheshe kulinywe kakolweni ebusika, ukuphumelela isiko ngenkasa kwandisa ne bakhe nokubambisana ne umquba.

Lapho ebusika kakolweni zikhula Udinga ukunikela elikhulu umswakama for ukuhluma ngokuthula futhi evamile ukuthuthukiswa ekwindla isitshalo. Lokhu kufezwa presowing noma ukuthambisa bendabuko. nokubaluleka kwazo kuyahlukahluka ezindaweni ezahlukene wezolimo. Ezindaweni lapho izulu ngokuvamile ekwindla kanye sifakwe emanzini ezijulile inhlabathi kuze entwasahlobo, ukuchelela umfutho incipha. Ezindaweni nge ekwindla elomile enganele umswakama yasekwindla ukuthambisa kubalulekile ezithela eliphezulu kakolweni ebusika.

Ekusunguleni ngenkasa amazinga kufanele acabangele kasawoti khathizwe kanye namazinga aphasi ukujula. amanzi Irrigation akufanele ukufinyelela emkhathizwe usawoti eziveza, kusukela oncibilikile ongasukuma ukuze capillary wamanje kanye amanzi okugqumisa inhlabathi ungqimba lapho izimpande zikhona. Ukunisela ayizwakali ezingeni eduze kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ngokweqile ngenkasa amazinga kungabangela waterlogging. Ukunisela aphumelele komhlaba 3 m noma ngaphezulu ukujula. Ngezinye amamitha angu elilodwa nesigamu nenhlabathi ejulile ukuchelela esikhundleni ngenkasa ngaphambi kokutshala. Isidingo ukuchelela emva ukuhluma kwenzeka ezimweni ezomile futhi kuwa on emazweni itafula komhlaba ejulile. Isikhathi uchelela kufanele kunqunywa isikhathi sokutjala kakolweni ebusika, amanzi izindawo, imishini ngenkasa kanye yokuhlanza isikhathi isiko.

ukuvuna

Isikhathi elikhulu kakolweni ukuvunwa ebusika - the okuthiwa wax ripeness we uhlamvu lukakolweni. Lesi sinyathelo kwenzeka uma okuqukethwe nangangesihlabathi ube into okusezingeni eliphezulu ezomile. Senikatsiya (sishaye ukuvuna) izitshalo kwenza kube ngcono nokuvuthwa isiko, kwandisa isivuno sikakolweni ebusika, ngakho kufanele sizame ukuba uchithe wokuhlanza ngesikhathi esifushane futhi ne ubuncane ukulahlekelwa kungenzeka.

sokuvuna Operational kuzonciphisa ukulahlekelwa yayo futhi silondoloze izinga okusezingeni lokusanhlamvu. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi komuntu sokuvuna ukolweni ebusika ngo izinsuku ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi okuholela nokwehla esisemqoka yokusanhlamvu alesi quintals eziyisikhombisa ehektheleni, kodwa okuqukethwe amaprotheni ofanayo okusanhlamvu kuyehla ngesigamu amaphesenti.

indlela emvelweni

ebusika kakolweni ukutshalwa izindlela, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukukhiqiza kwezolimo, ezicini eziningana:

• izinsizakalo zemvelo - ngqo amandla elanga, ukushisa emkhathini, amanzi ngesimo kwezulu, inhlabathi;
• ngqo izindleko energy ukwenziwa imikhiqizo ubuchwepheshe ethize noma ibhizinisi;
• engaqondile izindleko energy, ezisetshenziswa isitshalo ukutshala ubuchwepheshe emkhakheni iqoqo, ukucubungula nesilondoloze.

Ezweni kukhona ukuthambekela kokusebenzisa imali ngamandla. Ukwandisa u-1% womkhiqizo owenziwe ngaphakathi ekhaya, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwanda ngo-2-3%. Ukulima kwenhlabathi ngezindlela zendabuko kuyindleko kakhulu. Lolu buchwepheshe eminyakeni edlule luye lwaholela ekunciphiseni kwe-humus nokuchithwa kwenhlabathi. Imikhuba yomhlaba ekuthuthukiseni ukolweni wobusika, izinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe bokulima zikhomba indlela yokulima kwezolimo.

Amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-124 zomhlaba emhlabeni adluliselwa kwezobuchwepheshe. Enye yezinyathelo zokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokulondolozwa kwamandla yilokulungiswa kwamapulazi amasha amasha - amamodeli okukhiqizwa kwezemvelo nezomnotho kanye nokuhlushwa kwamandla kagesi namanje okonga amandla. Lokhu buchwepheshe buhlanganisa: izitshalo eziningi, ukuhlwanyela ngokuqondile, ukuchelela okusebenzayo. Ukuthuthukiswa koroli ebusika kuhlinzekela ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemfucuza etholakala kwezolimo kuba yindlela yokusebenzisa amaphrojekthi ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yamandla avuselelwe emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokuyinhloko, lapho uhluma ukolweni ngamathani ngayinye okusanhlamvu, kutholakala amathani amabili etshani. Utshani oqoshiwe ngaphambilini uvame ukugcoba ukubuyisela umhlaba wokuzala. Kodwa ezinye utshani zingasetshenziswa futhi ukuze ziphenduke zibe ngamafutha kagesi.

Isikolweni yisiko lokudla okuyinhloko emazweni amaningi, okubangelwa inani elimangalisayo lokudla okunomsoco wokusanhlamvu nokubunjwa kwalo okucebile. Lapho ukolweni ubusika bukhula kahle, ngokuvamile kuyisitshalo sokudla okusanhlamvu. Lawa yi-republics aseNyakatho Caucasus, isifunda saseCentral Black Earth, e-Ukraine. Ukolweni webusika usebenzise kahle umswakama wekwindla kanye nentwasahlobo, isihlahla, ukuvuthwa kakhulu kusenesikhathi futhi okuncane kakhulu kubhekene nesomiso nomoya owomile.