I-Scheme yendilinga encane yokujikeleza kwegazi ezincelisayo

Uhlelo lwe-circulatory kanye nokuphefumula luhlangana ngokuhlelekile futhi lusebenza kahle. Bonke bahlinzeka imisebenzi ebalulekile yenyama, vumela ukuhlinzeka kwezicubu nezitho nge-oxygen nezakhi. Futhi kusukela izilwane zokuqala, ukunqoba ingxenye yezwe, kunobunye balezi zinhlelo. Ihlinzeka ngezinga eliphakeme lezinhlangano ezihlelekile kanye nokwenza ngcono umzimba wezilwane ezindaweni eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Uhlelo lokuphefumula kanye nenhliziyo yezilwane ezincelisayo, ama-amphibians, izinyoni nezilwane ezinwabuzelayo zihlanganisa amaphaphu, inhliziyo nemikhumbi. Kulokhu, uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi oluncane lumelelwa ngokuphelele ngamapayipi, okungukuthi, ama-capillary we-pulmonary, lapho igazi lingena khona emithanjeni, futhi lihanjiswa emithanjeni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi azikho izithiyo zesakhiwo phakathi kwemibuthano yokujikeleza, ngenxa yokuthi isifo sokuphefumula nesistimu yemisindvo kubhekwa njengento eyodwa yokusebenza.

Ihlelo lokulandelana lembuthano encane yokujikeleza kwegazi

Umbuthano omncane luyikhiye elivaliwe lemikhumbi lapho igazi elisuka enhliziyweni liya emaphashini futhi libuyela emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, naphezu kokuhlukana kwe-physiology ye-hemocirculation, uhlelo lwe-circulation encane yokujikeleza kwegazi lwezilwane ezifuywayo akufani neze-amphibians, izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinyoni. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zivame kakhulu kunezinye. Ngokuyinhloko, sikhuluma ngenhliziyo engamakamelo amane.

Njengoba imingcele phakathi kwezitsha zomzimba engekho, i -ventricle efanele yenhliziyo yezilwane ezincelisayo ibhekwa njengesiqalo sokuqala komjikelezo omncane wokujikeleza. Kusuka kuso, ngokusebenzisa i-trunk pulmonary, igazi elivinjelwe umoya-mpilo lithunyelwa kuma-capillaire we-pulmonary. Izindlela zokwahlukana kwegesi ezenzeka kumaseli e-epithelial alveolar ziqedwa ngokukhululwa kwe-carbon dioxide ekukhanyeni kwe-alveoli kanye nokubanjwa kwe-oxygen. Lokhu okuhlanganisa i-hemoglobin futhi ithunyelwa enhliziyweni engakwesokunxele ngemivamisa yamapulmonary. Njengoba uhlelo lwesigungu esincane sokujikeleza kwegazi lubonisa, luphela ku-atrium kwesokunxele, futhi ukugeleza kwegazi okusebenzayo kuqala kusukela ku-ventricle kwesokunxele.

Umjikelezo omncane wokujikeleza kwegazi kwezinyoni

Ngokomzimba we-respiratory and system system, izinyoni zifana kakhulu nezilwane ezincelisayo, ngoba nazo zinezinhliziyo ezine-chambered. Ama-Amphibians kanye nezilwane ezinwabuzelayo anezinhliziyo ezintathu. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo lwembuthano elincane lokujikeleza kwegazi lwezinyoni lifana nezilwane ezincelisayo. Lapha, kusukela ku-ventricle efanele, igazi legazi eliyingozi, lifika kuma-capillaries we-pulmonary. I-oxygenation ivuselela igazi nge-oksijeni, ehanjiswa i-erythrocyte nge-arterial blood, futhi ivela lapho kuya kwi-ventricle ne-systemic bloodstream.

Ukujikeleza kwamapulangwe nezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo

Mhlawumbe kudingekile ukuqonda ukuthi yiluhlobo luni lwegazi olugeleza emithanjeni yendilinga encane yokujikeleza kwegazi ezinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo kanye nama-amphibians. Ngakho-ke, ezilwaneni ezincelisayo eziphethwe umthambo wegazi, i-blood enzyme igeleza kuma-capillary, igcwele umoya-mpilo futhi iqukethe i- carbon dioxide eningi kakhulu. Ngemuva kwe-oxygenation, igazi legazi eligeleza ligeleza emithanjeni eya enhliziyweni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi emjikelezweni omkhulu wegazi ojikelezayo wegazi kusuka enhliziyweni njalo ugeleza kuphela emithanjeni, futhi ukubuyela emuva kwenhliziyo emithanjeni.

Ukujikeleza kwamapulangwe okudliwayo kwama-reptile nama-amphibians

Ihlelo lomjikelezo omncane wegazi legazi le-frog alifani nelokwezilwane ezincelisayo. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwe-physiology, ahluke: ngenxa yokutholakala kwenhliziyo enamakamelo amathathu, ingxube yegazi enezinyosi kanye negazi. Ngakho-ke, i-fluid ephilayo ehlanganisiwe igeleza emithanjeni yomzimba, kuhlanganise ne-pulmonary. Futhi ukuvunguza emithanjeni yomzimba ubuyela enhliziyweni, bese kuphinda kuxutshwe enhliziyweni enezintathu. Ngakho-ke, ukucindezela okuncane kwe- oksijini emithanjeni yendilinga encane neyingi yokujikeleza kwegazi kufana nokufanayo. Ngoba ama-amphibians ayabanda kakhulu.

Izimpethu zinezinhliziyo ezintathu, kodwa ezingxenyeni ezingenhla nezingezansi ze-ventricle evamile kukhona i-septum. Kuzingwenya, futhi kuyo yonke i-septum emkhatsini wama-ventricle angakwesokudla nangakwesokunxele. Iqukethe izimbobo ezimbalwa kuphela. Ngenxa yalokho, izingwenya ziqinile kakhulu futhi zikhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezinwabuzelayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, awaziwa ukuthi hlobo luni lwenhliziyo ama-dinosaurs ayenalo, futhi abuyele ekilasini lezilwane eziphilayo. Mhlawumbe, nabo babe ne-septum egcwele ngokugcwele emaqenjini. Yize ubufakazi obungenakutholakala.

Ukuhlaziywa kohlelo lomjikelezo omncane wokusabalalisa komuntu

Kubantu, ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka emaphashini. Lapha igazi linikeza i-carbon dioxide futhi ligcwele umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kwegazi lokujikeleza kwegazi. Noma yiluphi uhlelo lwezemfundo lwengxenyana encane yokujikeleza kwegazi, eyakhiwe ngesisekelo sezifundo ze-physiology yamalungu okuphefumula, iqala nge-ventricle efanele. Ngokuqondile kusuka ku-valve ye-pulmonary ushiya i-pulmary trunk. Ngenxa yesigaba salo sibe izingxenye ezimbili, igatsha lamagatsha e-pulmonary artery kuya emaphashini angakwesokudla nangesobunxele.

Umthambo we-pulmonary ngokwawo uhlukaniswe futhi uhlukaniswe kaningi ngama-capillary, ufaka kakhulu izicubu zelungu. Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kugeleza ngqo kuwo ngokusebenzisa umgoqo wegazi, ohlanganisa amaseli alveolar epithelial. Ngemuva kwe-oxygenation yegazi, iqoqwe emaviyeni nasemithanjeni. Amaqabunga amabili ashiya amaphaphu ngamunye, kanti i-atrium yesokunxele isivele seliyi-4 emithanjeni ye-pulmonary. Bathwala igazi eliyingozi. Lokhu kugcwalisa ukujikeleza kwe-pulmonary, futhi ukuqala kwe-systemic kuqala.

Ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo ze-circle encane yokujikeleza kwegazi

Umbuthano omncane ku phylogenesis uvela ezinhlobonhlobo eziqala ukukolisa izwe. Ezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini futhi zithola umoya-mpilo ocolile, azikho. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwadala esinye isitho sokuphefumula: okokuqala emaphashini okulula okulula, futhi-ke ama-alveolar. Futhi nje ngokubonakala kwamaphaphu, umjikelezo omncane wokujikeleza kwegazi uphinde uqale.

Kusukela kulo mzuzu ukuguquka kokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo eziphila emhlabeni kuhloswe ekuthuthukiseni ukuthunjwa kwe-oksijeni kanye nokuthutha kwamathengi. Ukuntuleka kokuxuba igazi emgodini we-ventricles kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni zinegazi elifudumele. Futhi, okubaluleke nakakhulu, inhliziyo engamakamelo amane ahlinzekwa ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho, ngoba idla ingxenye yesine yegazi elilodwa.