Resource esisindisa ubuchwepheshe. ubuchwepheshe Industrial. ubuchwepheshe bamuva

umkhakha Modern okhula ngamandla kakhulu. Ngokungafani eminyakeni edlule, lesi senzakalo indlela olunzulu, kanye ukubandakanywa ngentuthuko yakamuva zesayensi. Paramount ukubaluleka isisetshenziswa esisindisa ubuchwepheshe. Le nkulumo ibhekisela lonke simiso izinyathelo ezihlose ukunciphisa okuphawulekayo isisetshenziswa ukusetshenziswa ngenkathi sigcina ezingeni lelisetulu izinga umkhiqizo. Kahle kahle, zama ukufeza ukusetshenziswa ephansi okunokwenzeka eluhlaza izinto ezingeni.

Isizinda isingeniso okubanzi

Naphezu kwemizamo yezinhlangano kwemvelo nabashaya imithetho mayelana ukuncipha abalulekile umonakalo odalwe umkhakha imvelo, kodwa. ERussia kuphela, umonakalo odalwe kwekhabhoni zezimboni balinganiselwa ku ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-150 ngonyaka, futhi e-US sibalo ngokuphelele kufana mayelana 7% womkhiqizo okhandwe yasekhaya!

isipiliyoni Umhlaba libonisa ukuthi labo zindleko kuzona ukuze ubuchwepheshe isisetshenziswa owasindisa Esigabeni sokuqala kusebenta kwaso, kukhona asifani ne nezindleko imiphumela kwakuzosuswa ukusebenzisa izindlela yisikhathi futhi ezingcolile production. Imigomo izindleko egcwele ubuchwepheshe obusha ingeqi iminyaka emihlanu.

ingozi Mkhulu Ukuwohloka kancane kancane kwezinhlelo zemithombo yendalo. Ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni engu-50 edlule, hhayi ukuthuthukisa ezifakwa ka-nsimbi, uma okuqukethwe yensimbi kuzo kwaba esingaphansi 50-60%. Namuhla ngisho uqale isizinda netshe, lapho bengekho ngaphezu kwama-30% metal.

Ngisho okuqukethwe umlotha kwamalahle elisetshenziswa TPP manje idlula 30%, ngesikhathi 60s, lesi sibalo ingeqi 20%. Amanye amadolobha kufanele usetshenziselwe amalahle impahla eluhlaza, okuyinto engcono kakhulu kunaleyo 55% umlotha okuqukethwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimo sekuvele ngikuqalile isizinda asebenzayo of izinto zokusetshenziswa, ngisho kusukela zokulahla yesikhathi esidlule. Konke lokhu kunomthelela waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi lemali imfucuza. Ngakho, ubuchwepheshe isisetshenziswa esisindisa kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba ivumela umkhakha kanye umnotho kazwelonke ukudla izinto kancane eluhlaza, ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ngaphezulu.

Kangakanani ukongiwa izinsiza?

Ezimweni eziningi, inciphise izinsiza idliwe Kwenziwa kabusha usebenzisa okulahlwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ekukhiqizeni steel siyasetshenziswa njengamanje is hhayi ngaphansi kuka-30% Scrap Precast enkulu ekwakhekeni iphepha uqhutshwa ku-25% imfucuza yephepha. Non-ayoni izinsimbi usebenzisa okungenani u-20% wephepha kabusha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ubukhulu utshalomali ukwethulwa okwandile kabusha okulahlwayo ubuchwepheshe ncamashi kane ngaphansana ukudalwa izakhiwo zezimboni for yezimayini.

Sikhishwe yokuthi akufanele ukutshala ekukhiqizeni steel, lobu buchwepheshe uvumele ubuncane eyodwa ukunciphisa ukungcola ezishisayo of imvelo. Kalula nje, yingoba kunciphisa eziyingozi Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini. Kafushane, imali ekuthuthukiseni lezi lalihamba kahle kakhulu.

Lokho unike amandla nobuchwepheshe kwemtfombo kokulondoloza?

Okokuqala, ibuphi ubuchwepheshe isisetshenziswa esisindisa kungaba sina inciphise udoti nentuthu oyikhiphayo ku imvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ehilelekile ukucutshungulwa imfucuza chlorine-aqukethe zokukhiqiza Metallurgical titanium chloride kwekhabhoni imvelo usunciphe ngamaphesenti 50%!

Izindawo ukuthi ngaphambi kwakuhlezi amaPhoyisa zokulahla zobuchwepheshe noma landfills, ubuchwepheshe bamuva ikuvumela nhlobo zonke amatshe futhi isetshenziselwe ukuzithokozisa. Phela, wathumela sokuchitha ukwelashwa, okuyinto zimumethe sebuningini sulphur dioxide (ku yokusansimbi efanayo, isibonelo), kunciphisa hhayi kakhulu kuphela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, kodwa futhi kwehlisa inani sulphur ekhiqizwa ekuqaleni.

Kubalulekile ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha bayatfutfuka ngesisekelo ukubhekisiswa imfucuza polymeric: isibonelo, ukushisa umthamo ezithile amathani amabili amabhodlela epulasitiki iyafana ukubaluleka a ton of uwoyela ongahluziwe! Ngakho, ukudala isizukulwane esisha izihlungi, singakwazi shisisa amadolobha iminyaka elikhulu, usebenzisa kuphela kudoti amaplastiki landfills ...

Ake uqhathanise ...

Inani kakhulu okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuthi kukhona ubuchwepheshe obusha ezimbonini embonini steel. Uma incibilike ton metal, nokungcoliswa imvelo (kuqhathaniswa steel sokuncibilikisa ore) kuyehla ngokushesha 86% lamanzi isidingo 76% ngaphansi, futhi ingqikithi imfucuza kuyehla ngokushesha ngama-57%! Cishe isithombe esifanayo kutholakala uma siqhathanisa ukukhiqizwa iphepha ngephepha kabusha kanye uginindela intombi.

Ungakhohlwa mayelana imvelo!

Uma sicabanga ngesimo samanje emkhakheni kwemvelo ishiya okuningi ukuba wayefisa, bonke ubuchwepheshe besimanje kufanele kufake sandla ekunciphiseni ukungcola kwekhabhoni emkhathini. Banikezwe isimo namuhla ke kuyafana Norilsk emadolobheni Metallurgical nezinye akuzona kuphela ezweni lethu kodwa emhlabeni wonke, ubuchwepheshe ezimbonini zakamuva akufanele kuphela ukunikeza imisebenzi izinkulungwane zabantu umkhakha esindayo, kodwa futhi ukuba bavikele impilo yabo.

Ngokusekelwe kulokho izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza?

Okokuqala, eyenziwa mass esikhundleni yekhwalithi ephansi izinto zokusetshenziswa nozakwabo ngaphezulu yesimanje, okungase ukukhiqiza ubukhulu efanayo imikhiqizo nqampuna umhlabeleli. Ngokwesibonelo, ekukhiqizeni upende, le ndlela kuye kwaholela esikhundleni upende okujwayelekile ngokusekelwe ezihogelwayo imikhiqizo lapho ifakwa emanzini.

Abasebenzisi bokugcina Kubalulekile futhi umkhiqizo walondoloza ukusebenza ngaphandle okonakele nokwenza kwayo uqobo. Isibonelo esihle kuyinto esikhundleni the ifilimu polymer ephepheni endabeni le ngethephu enamathelayo. izinga layo isalokhu injalo, kodwa inani udoti nentuthu oyikhiphayo kwehle kakhulu. Lena ubuchwepheshe isisetshenziswa okusindisa, izibonelo zazo sethula kulesi sihloko.

Yiqiniso, kubalulekile ukushintsha senqubo yokukhiqiza uqobo, ukuze siyafana anamuhla ezingokoqobo. Ngakho, namuhla, ukubaluleka bayanda unamathele ukudluliselwa kokukhiqiza umjikelezo oqhubekayo zokukhiqiza okukhiphayo. Le isixazululo liyathembisa okungaphezu kokusebenza gqwa kokuqala imishini, okuyinto kuhambisana waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi ekushayweni izinto eziyingozi.

Ngeke iphumelele kuhlobene eduze lokhu futhi uyimfuneko ukuguquka kokukhiqiza imishini omusha ibusa okudlekayo kancane, amafutha kanye izingxenye ezisele. Okunjalo isisetshenziswa esisindisa ubuchwepheshe embonini ngcono kakhulu manufacturability. Lokhu kusiza hhayi kuphela ukwehlisa inani udoti, kodwa futhi kwenza kube ukunciphisa okuphawulekayo intengo umkhiqizo wokugcina.

Ezamakhompiyutha - uquqaba!

Ngokwesibonelo, le nkulumo ihlanganisa CNC futhi esebenza nge-computer ngokuphelele zokukhiqiza imigqa, okuyizinto ngokunemba futhi esiphezulu ukusebenza kahle kungenziwa ukusika izingcezu esiqinile imininingwane metal edingekayo. imishini enjalo (njengoba kuqhathaniswa ngenqubo evamile) ahlinzeke nokuncipha lemali 50-80% imfucuza. Futhi, akudingeki ukuba sikhathazeke ngokuthi izinga lokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi.

Qaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe zanamuhla kufanele ucabange nje kuphela ukuba inciphise udoti, kodwa futhi isitoreji zabo ziphephile. Kwaze kwaba seqophelweni odlule lihlanganisa nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

• Indawo enobungozi okulahlwayo neze akufanele mbeni imvelo.
• Zonke imfucuza kumele ezipakishiwe ukuze kamuva kwaba lula ukuthumela kubo kube khona kuvuselela kabusha.
• Uma kabusha imfucuza phezu ekhona ezingeni lobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe akunakwenzeka, kufanele idluliselwe esimweni lapho bezikhandla kakhulu komncane kungenzeka nemiphumela engemihle (ukuncibilika isimo lwengilazi uphethiloli yenuzi wachitha).
• Ngakho, iziqukathi yokugcina yesikhathi eside kufanele kube kancane ekuthonyweni ukugqwala nezinye izici ezilimazayo kwemvelo.

izibonelo ezisemqoka ubuchwepheshe isisetshenziswa esisindisa

Isibonelo zakudala angabhekwa pyrolysis amalahle yokuhlanza, amakhemikhali, amasu sigqoka netshe, izindlela ane-alikhali Peat ukucutshungulwa ngawo kuvela fuel nje kuphela kodwa futhi Umanyolo humic, ukukhula plant evuselela. Zonke lezi "okujabulisa" zobuchwepheshe akuyona kakhulu kuphela inciphise adingekayo imikhiqizo yoqobo, kodwa futhi ukunikeza eziningi side imikhiqizo enempilo. Ikakhulukazi kumayelana ukucutshungulwa Peat, uma usebenzisa amakhemikhali izinto zokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke izitshalo amandla kukhona ngisho izidakamizwa!

Izibonelo bio-chemical ukucutshungulwa a feedstock

Uma ucabanga ukuthi ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe isisetshenziswa owasindisa ukukhiqizwa begazi kuphela kungagcini izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku ukukhiqizwa izithasiselo eziphila abakhuthele kanye nemithi, bese wena iphutha ngokujulile. Izinga yesimanje yentuthuko yobuchwepheshe kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngisho embonini steel.

Ngakho, namuhla ziya ziba mandla ekusebenziseni leaching webhaktheriya ngezinto kusukela imikhando lapho nge okuqukethwe ubuncane lomcebo (zokulahla ubudala) okwenzayo ukuze uthole okuningi eliphezulu izinto zokusetshenziswa, ngaphandle ungcolisa izindawo zokulahla yentuthuko sonke isiFunda. Enye webhaktheriya ezikhangayo yiyona isizinda izinsimbi ezibalulekile amanzi angcolile ...! Futhi akusiwona nje mayelana ukukhiqizwa steel, kodwa futhi ku ukugeleza emadolobheni amakhulu.

Ngakho, ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe isisetshenziswa esisindisa ephawula degree ukuthuthukiswa hhayi kuphela umkhakha kodwa nasemphakathini wonkana. Ukulondoloza imvelo esizungezile, siyophumelela ovivinyweni ke enzalweni yabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngosizo omningi leaching sulphur ingatholakala kusuka eliphansi eliphezulu zamalahle, ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi okunye ikakhulukazi ofanele. By the way, ezweni lethu eminyakeni yamuva iqhutshelwe phambili ezintweni eziphilayo ukwelashwa ubuchwepheshe yekhwalithi ephansi lignite, okuyinto etholakala emhlabathini omuhle yokufakelwa.

ukwakhiwa

Izinto ezivamile ngenjongo yokwakhiwa esikhathini sethu kukhona ukhonkolo ukhonkolo futhi wasisekela. Kuphela ezweni lethu phakathi nonyaka ababezikhiqiza amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-250. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukwakhiwa ubuchwepheshe besimanje ngokwezinga elikhulu phezu okuqhamile nokugcina izinsizakalo lapho zikhishwa.

Conservation kwezinsiza ekukhiqizeni ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu

Inkinga iwukuthi ukhonkolo - material kakhulu amandla khudlwana ukwenziwa lapho wachitha omningi ugesi. On the ukukhiqizwa eyodwa imitha cubic nje wachitha kuphela ayizinkulungwane 470. Kcal! Uma izinqubo sibuthakathaka, noma esimweni lapho kuyadingeka ugcwalise izakhiwo zikakhonkolo endaweni ethile endaweni, izindleko nhlobo kungaba idlule 1 million kcal!

Njengoba sazi ukuthi umnotho kazwelonke ngonyaka kuthatha amathani okungenani abayizigidi ezingu-12 ngokhonkolo, ubuchwepheshe emandla kanye resource esisindisa enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ugcine imali eningi.

Inkinga enkulu kunazo zonke ezinkulu izindleko overruns abakhi usimende. Kukhona ezinye izindlela yangempela ukulungisa lokhu ukungenzi. Okokuqala, ngobukhulu impahla Ukweqa siyenzeka esimweni lapho abakhi zisebenzisa yekhwalithi ephansi lokubolekwa abafundisayo abangakwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo ukulungela inhloso ethize. Ngakho, avame ke kwenzeka uma esikhundleni esihlabathini evamile esetshenziswa ASG.

Ngokwezinga elikhulu kungenzeka ukunciphisa izindleko ngokusebenzisa izithasiselo, plasticizers, okuyinto seziyatholakala kabanzi kwi amazwe emisebenzini yezokwakha yesehlakalo. plasticizer qualitative kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa usimende ngokushesha ku-20%, i-izici ngamandla isakhiwo kokuba esakhiwe ayiphazamiseki. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bamuva embonini angakhiqiza namakhulu kweziqu, plasticizing izithasiselo kumele kusetshenziswe nganoma iyiphi indlela efanelekayo.

Okunye izindleko energy

Lapho isitoreji isothermal ngesimo steel ngalinye imitha cubic ngokhonkolo "odla" hhayi ngaphansi kuka-60 eziyinkulungwane. Kcal. Uma imishini ayilungile, ukulahlekelwa ukushisa kwandisa e umkhuba oqhubekayo wokubuka yejeyomethri. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izitshalo, lesi sibalo kudlulwe 200 ayizinkulungwane. Kcal imitha cubic ngokhonkolo. Ngakho, kungenzeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile imithombo, ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze ekulungiseni imishini lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa ngokhonkolo.

Indlela ethembisa kakhulu kuyinto Ukushisa inhlanganisela plasticizable kagesi (ebusika). Kulokhu kungenzeka kakhulu ukunciphisa hhayi kuphela inani usimende, kodwa futhi ingxube plasticizer.

Ezinye izindlela kasimende ukonga

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abantu abayizibonelo ezimbi kakhulu eyadlalwa omkhulu usimende ukulahlekelwa phakathi zokuthutha yayo. Lokhu kwaziswa noma kunjalo ayikwazi ukuhanjiselwa ngendlela evulekile, akuvunyelwe ukuminyana njalo. usimende ukulahlekelwa abe giant, uma kuqala ukuthwala ngemikhumbi, bese ulayishe kuplatifomu ujantshi, ngalo ukuletha izimoto.

Lezi ukulahlekelwa kungagwenywa ezindaweni eziqhelile ukuba baphathe usimende clinker. Kungaba wehlise inombolo engenamkhawulo izikhathi. Lapho impahla ilethwa endaweni yomsebenzi umane ugaye clinker ukuthola usimende eliphezulu lemali edingekayo.

Kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba isinqumo esifanele kwemamaki obunamandla bokuthi ngempela ukufanisa emsebentini lotsite. Prakthiza ebonisa ukuthi kuka-30% wezindleko usimende ukulahlekelwa zenzeka ezimweni lapho abakhi zisebenzisa ayilungile uphawu ukhonkolo. Ngenxa yalokho, zikhona izimo lapho umsebenzi kuyadingeka ukuze ushintshe ngokuphelele.

Ngakho, ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe yesimanje ukuze sisindise imithombo esetshenziswa ku wonke amagatsha yesayensi kanye nezimboni. Kwethulwa izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza, singakwazi inciphise kwekhabhoni leyingoti umoya namanzi, ukuvikela imvelo zonke izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo..