Izinhlobo zezincwadi nenhloso yazo. Izinhlobo zobuqanji

Izincwadi - umqondo we-amoebic (olinganayo, kanye nezinhlobo zezincwadi): phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko yabantu, ngokungazelelwe ushintshe ngendlela nokuqukethwe. Ungakwazi ukukhuluma ngesibindi mayelana nokuziphendukela kwalobu buciko emhlabeni wonke noma ngokulinganiselwe ngezikhathi ezithile ezithile noma esifundeni esithile (izincwadi zasendulo, ama- Middle Ages, izincwadi zakwaRussia zangekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, kanti ezinye) kufanele zithathwe njengengqondo yobuqiniso belizwi futhi zingenakulinganiswa Ingxenye yenqubo yamasiko emhlabeni.

Ubuciko begama

Ngokwesiko, ukukhuluma ngezincwadi, umuntu ukhuluma inganekwane. Lo mqondo (ovamise ukusetshenziselwa amagama - "ubuciko bokukhuluma") wavela enhlabathini evundile yobuciko bomlomo womlomo. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nayo, izincwadi ngesikhathi esinikeziwe zikhona hhayi ngomlomo, kodwa ngokubhala (kusuka kwisiLatini ezikhanyisiwe (t) eratura - ngokwezwi nezwi "kubhaliwe", kusukela ekukhanyeni (t) era - ngokoqobo "incwadi"). Izinganekwane zisebenzisa amagama kanye nokwakhiwa kolwazi olulotshiwe (lomuntu wemvelo) njengento eyodwa. Izincwadi kanye nezinye ubuciko ziyafana. Kodwa ukucaciswa kwalo kuqhathaniswa uma kuqhathaniswa namafomu okudweba okusebenzisa ezinye izinto esikhundleni sezingulimi-izisho (ubuciko obuhle, umculo) noma nalo (izingoma, yaseshashalazini, i-cinema), ngakolunye uhlangothi nezinye izinhlobo zemibhalo yokukhuluma: isayensi, ifilosofi, Njll. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, inganekwane ihlanganisa noma yimuphi wabalobi (abangaziwa) isebenza, ngokungafani nokudala okungavumelani komlando.

Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko

Izinhlobo kanye nezinhlobo zezincwadi yizinhlangano eziphawulekayo zemisebenzi yezandla nezokudweba esigabeni sobudlelwane "nomthwali wenkulumo" (ukukhuluma) kulo lonke lobuciko. Ngokusemthethweni, kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• I-Epic: inoveli, i-epic, inoveli, indaba, indaba, indaba, indaba, inkohliso;
• Lyric: madrigal, iculo, ode, duma, umlayezo, idyll, epigram, elegy, epitaph, epithalam;
• Okumangalisayo: idrama, inhlekelele, i-tragicomedy, i-comedy, i-vaudeville, i-melodrama, i-farce.

Izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezincwadi

Esikhathini esivamile kakhulu, zonke izinhlobo zezinganekwane zihanjiswa ngaphakathi kohlobo lwezincwadi. Kungaba yindabuko, ehlanganisa indaba, inoveli nendaba; Kuzo izinkondlo ze-lyric; I-Ballads nezinkondlo ziyi-lyric; I-dramaturgical ingahlukaniswa ibe yidrama, inhlekelele nokuhlekisa. Ukubukwa kwemibhalo kungahlukaniswa komunye nomunye ngenani labalingiswa kanye nemigqa yemigqa, ivolumu, imisebenzi kanye nokuqukethwe. Ngezikhathi ezahlukene zomlando wezincwadi eyodwa yezinhlobo zingamelwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene. Isibonelo: amanoveli wefilosofi nezengqondo, amanoveli e-detective, social and picaresque. Ngokweqile, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi yaba izinhlobo zezincwadi kwaqala u-Aristotle emlandweni wakhe onesihloko esithi "I-Poetics." Umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka ezikhathini zanamuhla, umlobi waseFrance ophikisayo uBoileau nomlobi waseJalimane u- Lessing.

Ukuthayipha izincwadi

Ukuhlela nokushicilela ukulungiswa, okungukuthi, ukukhethwa kwemisebenzi ebhaliwe yezinguqulo ezalandela, kuvame ukuqhutshwa umhleli wokuhlela. Kodwa umsebenzisi ojwayelekile kunzima ukuhamba ngokunembile kolwandle olukhulu lwemisebenzi yokubhala. Kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa indlela yokusebenza, okungukuthi - kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile uhlobo lwezincwadi kanye nenhloso yabo.

• Leveli yindlela ehlaba umxhwele yomsebenzi, onenqwaba yamaqhawe anehlelo oluhlelekile nolusondelene kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Leveli ingaba ngokomlando, umndeni-ekhaya, ifilosofi, i-adventure kanye nezenhlalakahle.
• I-Epic - uchungechunge lwemisebenzi, esingaphansi kwesinye isikhathi, ihlale iveza inkathi ephawulekayo yomlando noma umcimbi omkhulu kakhulu.

• I-Novela ingumhlobo oyinhloko we-prose elandisayo, emifushane kakhulu kuneveli noma inoveli. Ukuqamba kwezindaba ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi intsha, futhi umlobi ubizwa ngokuthi i-novelist.

Akuyona yokugcina ebalulekile

• Ukuhlaziya kuyinto indalo ehleka usulu ukwehluleka komuntu noma kwezenhlalakahle, ngokugxila ezimweni ezingenangqondo nezezingenangqondo.

• Ingoma - uhlobo oludala kunazo zonke izinkondlo, ngaphandle kokuthi isigaba "izinhlobo zezingqikithi" aziqedi. Umsebenzi uyifomu lezinkondlo elinamavesi amaningi nama-choruses. Kukhona: abantu, lyrical, heroic kanye nomlando.

• Itheksthi - isenzo se-prosaic, kodwa kaningi isifuba, umsebenzi wezenzo zokuziphatha, ukuziphatha okuhle nokuziphatha.

• Indzaba yincwadi yokubhala yendlela ethile ethile, evamile, encane, elandisa ngesenzakalo esithile ekuphileni komlingisi.

• Inganekwane - le nkulumo ibuye ifakwe esigabeni "izinhlobo zezincwadi" futhi iletha izizukulwane ezizayo ukumelelwa kokhokho mayelana nomhlaba wonke, amaqhawe namankulunkulu.

• I-lyric inkondlo ibonisa ukuhlangenwe nakho komlobi kombhali ngendlela ehlelekile yombongo.

• I-Essay - umlando, uhlobo oluthile lwe-epic, olukhuluma ngokuthembekile ngemicimbi yangempela, amaqiniso.

• Indaba yinto efana nokuhlelwa kwendatshana, kepha ihlukile ngokwevolumu. Indaba ingatshela ngaso leso sikhathi ngezenzakalo eziningana ezivela empilweni yabalingiswa abakhulu.

• I-Melodrama - iyaqhubeka ngokufanele uhlu lwezigaba "izinhlobo zezincwadi", lo msebenzi ophawulekayo wokulandisa, ohlukaniswa ukuhlukana kwamaqembu amaqhawe abe ngukuhle nokubi.

• Usizi luhlobo oluthile lwesidrama, olukhuluma ngesimo esibucayi, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekufeni komlingiswa.

Izincwadi kanye Namuhla

Ukuphila ngokwakho nsuku zonke ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokwengeziwe kuqinisekisa wonke umuntu ukuthi izinga lokubumbana nobunye bezincwadi, amaphephandaba namagazini omagazini ungenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuphumelela kwemfundo yomphakathi. Ngokwemvelo, isigaba sokuqala sokuzijwayeza izincwadi (ukungabi nabantwana) siqala esikoleni. Ngakho-ke, noma yiziphi izincomo ezenzelwe ukufundiswa kwezincwadi zinezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezifundo zezincwadi ezisiza ngendlela efinyeleleka ekuboneni kwengane ukuveza ulwazi oludingekayo.

Okukhethwa ngabanye

Kunzima ukugcizelela indima yezincwadi ekuphileni komuntu wanamuhla, ngoba izincwadi zikhuliswe ngezizukulwane ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Yilabo abasiza abantu ukuba baqonde kokubili izwe elibazungezile kanye nabo, bakhuthaza isifiso seqiniso, izimiso zokuziphatha nolwazi, bafundiswe ukuhlonipha okwedlule. Ngeshwa, izincwadi nezinye ubuciko emphakathini wanamuhla zivame ukucatshangelwa. Kukhona isigaba esithile sabantu abathi izincwadi sezivele zivele zivele, zithathelwe ngokuphelele ithelevishini kanye ne-cinema. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukusizakala ngethuba elihlinzekwa yizincwadi noma cha ukukhethwa komuntu ngamunye.