Yiziphi izinkolelo? Amafayili: Incazelo

Yiziphi izinkolelo? Sizophendula lo mbuzo. Okungaqondakali, noma inganekwane - uhlobo lwezingoma, okuyi-poetic noma i-prose narrative, okuncane kakhulu, okuqukethwe okuningi okuhlelekile, isakhiwo esitholakala ngokobuqiniso, esonakele ngamabomu.

Incazelo yezinganekwane

V.Ya. U-Propp, isazi se-philologist-folklorist, waphendula lo mbuzo ngokuthi yiziphi izinkolelo-lokhu kungenye yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zamathekisthi, lapho iqiniso liphendulwa khona ngaphakathi. Bhekisela emlandweni wezenzakalo empilweni engenakwenzeka, njengokwesibonelo, indoda iwela emahlombe akhe ibe emathunzini, udada ekhanda lakhe ubeka isidleke futhi ubeka amaqanda, bese kufika impisi.

Izindaba zeRussia

Emakhulwini eminyaka eRussia kwakukhona isikole sezingane izingane ezineminyaka engama-4 kuya kweyishumi nambili, lapho bonke abantu babonisa khona ngentshiseko enkulu futhi bezingela, wayebizwa ngokuthi i-fable.

Lolu hlobo lwalusungulwa ngamabhantshi, abathandisi bezindaba, abanenhlanhla ezindlebeni ezihlekisayo namagama adlala emadolobheni nasemadolobheni ezimpondo nakwa-waxwings.

Ekucwaningweni kwezingane zasendlini, okwenziwa u-Andrei Sinyavsky, kwakukhona izindaba ezabiwe nezindatshana, ezibiza izindaba ngezenzo ezingenakwenzeka futhi zingenakuze zibe khona. Yilokho okuyikhokwane (incazelo kaAndrei Sinyavsky). Okungukuthi, lokhu kuyinhlanganisela yegama nezimo ezivulekile, ezenzelwe ukukhiqiza umphumela wamahlaya. Isibonelo, ukhulumela ikhekhe elilodwa ukusuka " eNtabeni Yezintambo ZaseNyakatho " ebhalwe yi-NE Onchukov. Ikhuluma ngendlela umuntu oyedwa abeka ngayo imbazo ngezinyawo zakhe, ebhinca ngembazo, enquma izinkuni nge-sash. Umkakhe wayebuhle - njengoba ebuka efasiteleni, ngakho izinja zikhahlela izinsuku ezintathu. Yilokho okuyizinganekwane. Incazelo yale nhlobo yanikezwa ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko.

Umehluko phakathi kwezinganekwane ezithandekayo nezindatshana

U-Andrei Sinyavsky uphawula nokuthi ezindabeni, ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela wamahlaya, amagama abekwe eceleni, amanani ashintsha izindawo. Kanye nezindaba ezithandekayo, izintatheli zingumdlalo wezinganekwane. Umehluko phakathi kwabo wukuthi izinhlangothi ezehlukene zenziwe nge-parodied. Kuletha ukungabi nalutho kwengqikithi evuthayo isimiso sobude nokuxhumeka. Ifomu elingenalutho kuphela lihlala kulo: i-ring of words ehlanganiswe ngendandatho, ihanjiswe ku-infinity. Ngesikhathi esingakaze sibe khona kuze kube iphuzu lokungacabangi okuqukethwe kwendaba yezinganekwane nokukhanga kwayo okungaphezu kwemvelo nokumangalisayo kuletwa. Yilokho okuyizinganekwane.

Izinganekwane eMelika

Amasiko aseMelika njengengxenye ebalulekile yohlobo lwezingqungquthela, olubuyela emncintiswaneni wokuziqhayisa eWest West. Njalo eminyakeni emibili, "i-Toastmasters International" ihlela imincintiswano yokukhulumisana, okuyiyo, njengengxenye eyodwa, ingafaka ukutshela izinto ezingekho amakhono. Umhlanganyeli kulokhu unikezwa umlando wamaminithi angu-3-5, bese uhlolwe yijaji.

Amaqhawe athandwa kakhulu e-America yizinhlamvu ezilandelayo, ezinye zazo zibuye zenzeke emlandweni: umgqugquzeli wezinkuni omkhulu uPaul Banyan, owathatha imbazo ngezandla zakhe ngosuku lwesibili ngemuva kokuzalwa kwakhe; Pete Cord, umfowabo omncane; Tony Beaver; UPecos Bill, uDaniel Boone nabanye.

Izinganekwane kwamanye amazwe

Njengomthetho, isenzo senkolelo-mlando (i-folklore yase-Australia) senziwa ehlathini, isibonelo, ku-Spiva, isivuno esiyingqayizivele. Ziyizidakamizwa zabo ezinkulu ze-protagonists, ukumba imithombo yamayini wamalahle, isisindo esiyiphukuphuku; Kanye nomdlalo odumile, owayenamandla amakhulu, okuthiwa uKrivoi Mik. Lo mlingiswa ukhonjiswe ku-Alan Marshall's "Whisper in the Wind."

Iqhawe elidumile lezinganekwane ezihlukahlukene eCanada nguJoe Mafero, umlingiswa oyingqayizivele, owenza izinkuni ezinkulu.

Amaqiniso endabeni yesikhathi sethu

Indlela ethandwayo yokukhuluma kwabo ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwakuyizithombe ezenziwe kuma-postcard. Abadali babo bavame ukuhlanganisa umdwebo nesithombe, basebenzise ushintsho ngendlela ebonakalayo kanye ne-montage yesithombe sokubamba izinhlanzi ezinkulu, ukuzingela izilwane ezinkulu noma ukugibela, ukuhlakulela ubukhulu bezitshalo ezingavamile. Futhi okungakaze kwenzeke (yiziphi izinkolelo, funda ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko) kukhona amaqiniso ahlukahlukene mayelana noChuck Norris - izindaba ezihlekisayo ngaye.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinganekwane ezilandelwayo

Ziyinto evamile ngomlando womlomo, kodwa kukhona nezincwadi zombhalo, ikakhulukazi ezisekelwe ezifundweni ezihlukahlukene ezivela kumlando. Izibonelo zifaka lokhu okulandelayo: iziza zikaMunchausen ekubonisweni komlobi u-Erich Raspe, i-Gargantua ne-Pantagruel kusukela encwadini yegama elifanayo nguRabelais, izindaba zePomorian zikaStean Pisahov noBoris Shergin. Lokhu kufaka phakathi inkondlo ethi "Ukudideka" nguKorney Chukovsky, oqukethe amaflip-flops ngokuphelele.

U-Chukovsky ubonisa izingane ukuthi ukuziphatha kwesilwane kulungile. Enhliziyweni yalesi sihloko kukhona umzabalazo wokulwa nobubi: ulwandle lwashiswa yizimpungushe, ezithatha umlinganiso. Umphumela wawungalindelekile: akekho owakwazi ukuwuqeda, i-butterfly encane kuphela ongayenza.

I-Chukovsky emzabalazweni wezinkondlo zama-1920 kwakudingeka abhekane nabafundisi abathi babeyingxenye yenkambiso yama-bourgeois engasebenzi, baze bashicilela umsebenzi wesayensi-iqoqo eliphelele lama-athikili esithi "Asihambisani nenkondlo." Kuthiwa okuningi ukuhlambalaza nabangenayo inversionists. KwakunguChukovsky owavuselela lolu hlobo. Namuhla, ngenhlanhla, isimo sengqondo sezindaba sihluke kakhulu.

USamuel Marshak (iminyaka yokuphila - 1887-1964) wabhala izinkondlo ezidumile mayelana nendoda ehlakazekile esuka e-Basseynaya Street. Zadalwa ngenkathi yangaphambi kwempi, lapho umlobi ehlala eLeningrad, akude neBasin Street ekhona (namuhla ibizwa ngokuthi i-Nekrasov Street).

Imisebenzi yezinganekwane

Ekubuntwaneni, ukuvivinya kokuqala okunengqondo ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi yento, ukubekwa kwempawu zayo ezingenakuchachazela. Izingane ziza ne-inverts kanye nezindaba ngokwazo. UKorney Chukovsky wabhala ukuthi inzuzo yezintathelo ezinjalo nezinkondlo kusobala: noma yikuphi ukuphambuka okuvela esimisweni esivamile kuqinisa umntwana kulo, ulinganisela ukuphakama okuqinile kuleli zwe. Ingane engqondweni yakhe ibonakala iyenza ukuhlolwa futhi iphikisana nayo, evuselela ukuqiniseka ekuhlakanipheni, ukuhlonipha, ngakho-ke kudingekile ukuba izingane zingalahleki ezweni lethu elikhukhumezayo.

Izinganekwane zomuntu omdala ziyi-abracadabra yezwi, engenasidingo, nezindaba zezingane ezihlekisayo ngalokho okungeke kube khona. Qaphela ukuthi kusukela esikhathini esidlule kukhona lolu hlobo lwamaculo kubantu , kanti empeleni ubuciko bomlomo womlomo bugcina kuphela okuhle kakhulu, ukuhlunga okungenalutho. Ingane, ngokuthola kancane kancane imithetho yezwe, ukwenza izinto ezintsha, iqala kancane kancane ukudlala ngemibono ehlukene, ngoba kuphela ngomdlalo umuntu omncane angakwazi ukuqonda isakhiwo sezulu.

Izingane, ukuguqula izimo ezihlukahlukene, ukutshala incazelo entsha kulabo abaziwayo, ukufunda ukusebenzisa nokulawula okungcono imiqondo ehlukene, ifomu lokucabanga, inkululeko yokucabanga, ngenxa yokuthi baqala ukuzwa nokuqonda amahlaya.

Sicabange ukuthi yiziphi izinkolelo. Incazelo, izinhlobo, imisebenzi yabo yafundwa nathi. Njengoba ungabona, lolu hlobo luyathandeka kakhulu futhi luwusizo. Ama-Flavour nezindaba azizona izindaba ezijabulisayo kuphela, zikhonza ezinye, izinhloso ezinzulu, zisiza ukulolonga ubuntu bomntwana.