Izikhombisi eyinhloko izinguquko ibandla uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon: Imiphumela nokubaluleka

Ngo-July 1652, ne ukwamukelwa kwenkosi Grand UMbusi Zonke Russia Alekseya Mihaylovicha Romanova, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia isibe Nikon (emhlabeni okuthiwa Nikitoy Mininym). Wathatha endaweni yenzalamizi uJosefa, owafa ngo-Ephreli 15 ngawo lowo nyaka.

Phakathi nalo mkhosi ukuzinikezela owawuba Assumption Cathedral, Nikon buye baphoqa le Boyar Duma futhi inkosi isithembiso non-ukuphazamiseka ezindabeni zesonto. Ngalesi senzo ukuthi ngokulambisa esihlalweni sobukhosi lebandla, kakhulu ukukhulisa ukwethenjelwa kwalo emehlweni, iziphathimandla nabantu abavamile.

wokuziphilisa nabezenkolo igunya Union

Pliability yenkosi kule ndaba alichaza imigomo ethize:

• ubambe kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni, ukwenza isonto okuningi okufana esiGrekini: ukwethula rites entsha, lifaka, izincwadi (ngaphambi ukwakhiwa Umbhishobhi Nikon ukumkani san beza kuye ngesisekelo lo mbono, futhi umbhishobhi omkhulu wayekwazi ukwenza umsekeli wakhe);

• isinqumo zezinkinga inqubomgomo angaphandle (nempi Poland futhi kokuhlanganiswa ne-Ukraine).

Inkosi wamukela imigomo Nikon, kodwa futhi avunyelwe inzalamizi ehilelekile nemidanti yomphakathi ebalulekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Alexis Nikon pha isihloko "umbusi omkhulu", owawuke ukhishwa Filaret kuphela Romanov. Ngakho, u-Alexis futhi uMbhishobhi Omkhulu wangena ubuhlobo obuseduze nobani, ekutholeni ukuthi izithakazelo zabo kanye nezinzuzo.

Ukuqala ushintsho

Ukuba inzalamizi, Nikon waqala ngenkuthalo ukuze anqande yonke imizamo ukugxambukela ezindabeni zesonto. Ngenxa yalokho womsebenzi wayo lisebenza futhi wathonya inkosi ukuqeda 1650s wakwazi ukusebenzisa isibalo izinyathelo eziye kuchazwa izici eziyisisekelo yezinguquko Nikon sika.

Qala kugucuka kwenzeka ngo 1653, lapho-Ukraine wawuyingxenye isimo Russian inikwe amandla. Kwakungekhona nje ukuqondana kwezinto. Ukulahlwa yedwa enkolweni Kucatshangwa izinguquko emikhosini ezimbili eziyinhloko. kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni umbhishobhi omkhulu Nikon, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto kwakuzoshintsha perstopolozheniya futhi siguqile, wezwakalisa njengoba kulandela:

• prostrations kwathathelwa indawo okhalweni;

• dvoeperstnoe uphawu lwesiphambano, esenziwa ngo-Russia kanye ubuKristu kuyingxenye svyatoapostolskogo isiko, salandelwa troeperstiem.

Ukushushiswa lokuqala

Izinyathelo kuqala izinguquko esontweni awazange asekelwe ngokugunyazwa umkhandlu wesonto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, benza yasishintsha izisekelo isiko kanye ajwayelekile, kubhekwa kube inkomba yokuthi inkolo yeqiniso, futhi wabangela igagasi bothola ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabefundisi besonto.

Izikhombisi eyinhloko izinguquko ibandla uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon babe umphumela lokho etafuleni, inkosi yaya izicelo eziningana, ikakhulu nabangane bakhe bangaphambili nozakwethu enkonzweni - uLazaru, Ivana Neronova, Deacon Fedor Ivanov Protopopov Daniila, uHabakuki Loggin. Nokho, u-Alexis, ngokuba emigomeni emihle ne-inzalamizi, akalithabathanga isikhalazo libhekelele, kanye yesonto waphuthuma ukumisa imibhikisho: uHabakuki sidingiselwe eSiberia, Ivan Neronov ababegqunywe ngamaNazi Spasokamennom Monastery nompristi Daniel ethunyelwe Astrakhan (ngaphambi wakhunyulwa yesikhundla ayenaso umfundisi).

a kwekuhlela kabusha isiqalo esibi okunjalo ophoqelelwe Nikon ukuba aphinde acabange izindlela ezifundisa ngazo futhi ukwenza okwengeziwe ngamabomu.

izinyathelo Okwalandela yayisekelwa ngokugunyazwa Umbhishobhi omkhulu ababhishobhi ngesiGreki besonto umkhandlu wesonto. Lokhu wadala ukubukeka ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa futhi inakekelwe iSonto Lobu-Orthodox waseConstantinople, okuyinto kakhulu kwaqinisa umthelela wabo emphakathini.

Ukusabela ukuguqula

Izikhombisi eyinhloko izinguquko ibandla uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon okubangelwa uqhekeko yesonto. Uthembekile ukuthi asekelwe ukwethulwa yesevisi entsha izincwadi, emikhosini, isonto nikonianami ezinhlwini nabizelwa (novoobryadtsev); aphikisanayo uhlangothi, wakhuthaza usages wesintfu izimiso zenkolo, ngokuthi ngokwayo Old Amakholwa Old Ritualists noma Orthodox lasendulo. Nokho nikonianami, sibambe ukusekelwa inzalamizi futhi inkosi, wamemezela abaphikisi splitters guqula ukuguquguquka ukusola kwabo ngenxa uqhekeko kuleli isonto. usebandleni laKhe efanayo ayebheka ezinkulu, Orthodox.

imvelo uMbhishobhi Omkhulu

Bishop Nikon, ngaphandle imfundo esezingeni elifanele, uzungezwe ososayensi, phakathi kwabo indima ebalulekile kudlalwa Arseny ngesiGreki, wokufundiswa amaJesuit. Ukuhambisa eMpumalanga, wasamukela leso inkolo Mohammedan, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile --Orthodox, bese - Catholicism. Yena wadingiselwa Isigodlo Solovetsky ngenxa yokuba imbuka yingozi. Nokho, Nikon futhi waba inhloko yesonto, uma wenza Arseniya Greka umsizi wakhe omkhulu, okwabangela nokububula phakathi kwabantu Orthodox waseRussia. Njengoba abantu abavamile ayikwazanga phikisana inzalamizi, kuphephile ukuba libhekele izinhlelo, ngokusekelwa inkosi.

Izikhombisi eyinhloko izinguquko ibandla uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon

Inhloko yebandla awazange asinakekele kuya ukunganeliseki labantu Russia wezenzo zawo. Yena ngokuqiniseka eseya umgomo, ngokuqinile ekusebenziseni ezintsha ezingeni zenkolo.

kwekuhlela kabusha Iziqondiso ibandla uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon ukubeka ushintsho olunjalo:

• ngesikhathi lokukhula ubhapathizo, umshado, impatho yokwahlukaniselwa kwenziwa ngokumelene ilanga (ngenkathi emasikweni endala icala lakhe yilanga nophawu kulandzela Khristu);

• amabhuku amasha egameni leNdodana kaNkulunkulu ulotshwe isitayela Greek - Jesu, kanti izincwadi ezindala - Jesu;

• double (augmented) Haleluya itsetfwe a kathathu (Tregub);

• esikhundleni semiprosforiya (Nowaphezulu isezingeni eziyisikhombisa wesiKwa esinganaNgumelo) laqanjwa pyatiprosforie;

• izincwadi yesonto yashicilelwa manje izindlu ongumJesuit ukunyatheliswa Paris futhi Venice, hhayi ukopishwa ngesandla; Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zincwadi ezingu-babonwa ehlanekezelwe ngisho namaGreki ngokuthi kubo pogreshitelnymi;

• umbhalo Sokholo kumagazini izincwadi yesonto yanyatheliswa ngo eMoscow kuqhathaniswa nabalingiswa itheksthi lebhaliwe ku sakkos Metropolitan UPhotius; umehluko ezitholakala kulemibhalo, kanye nezinye izincwadi, okwaholela yokuthi Nikon unqume uzilungise bese ukwenza iphetheni isiGreki amabhuku yesonto.

Ngakho konke kubukeka kabusha nezenkolo uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon. Old Amakholwa isiko uya reworked. Nikon kwaso kanye nabasekeli baso baye encroached ku ushintsho izisekelo lasendulo yesonto nemikhosi othathwe nesikhathi Ukubhapathizwa Russia. Ngokuphazima kweso akazange laba kanjani nesandla ekukhuleni wegunya Umbhishobhi. Ukushushiswa wahlupheka azinikele emasikweni endala abantu, okwaholela yokuthi iziqondiso eyinhloko izinguquko ibandla uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon, abafana naye, waba ukuba banengeke abantu abavamile.