Uhlelo lwe-oda lweGreece neRoma lasendulo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi umhlaba wonke owakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya lemiklamo yakudala eyenziwe ngabakhi be-Hellas evelele. Ukudalwa kwabo okungafi kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka bekhonza njengezinga elivumelanayo, abakhiqizi abakhuthazayo be-eras kamuva, okwakuqala ngalo ukucinga kwabo kokudala kwaba uhlelo lokuhlelwa kweGrisi lasendulo. Izithombe ezibonisa lesi sihloko zinikeza umbono wezici zayo.

Umqondo we-warrant yokwakha

Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukukhuluma ngezici zalawa noma amanye ama-oda, akulimazi ukucacisa okushiwo yileli gama, okuvamise ukuhlangana kulobuciko. Ngaphansi kwalo kuwumkhuba ukuqonda ukwakheka okubangelwa ukucubungula kwezobuciko kwengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesakhiwo - isakhiwo saso kanye nesakhiwo sezinsika. Inhlanganisela elula yokusekela okuqondile nephaneli enezingqimba kuyo ibe umsebenzi wobuciko.

AmaGreki asendulo ngokwemvelo ayengokwemibono yombongo wezimfanelo eziningi ezibonakala zi-prosaic zokuphila. Lapha kanye nangenhlanganisela evamile yezinto zokwakha zekholomu kanye nokuphakama okuphezulu, bakwazi ukubona uphawu lomzabalazo phakathi kokuhle nokusekelwa, nokucindezelwa okubi-kusuka kuso ngenhla nesisindo sayo se-architecture. Yebo, uma kuthinta izindaba eziphakeme kangaka, ukuphefumula kwabadwebi basendulo kwakungenakuvinjelwa.

Imikhomo emithathu yesakhiwo seGreki lasendulo

Uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwe-architecture lwe-Ancient Greece lusekelwe emahlathini amathathu, okwaba isisekelo sayo sonke isikhathi sokuphila kwale mpucuko ethuthukile kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwabo kuyisiko ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kweDoric , i-Ionic ne-Korinte. Lawa magama avela ezindaweni lapho izakhiwo zaqala khona, zikhonjiswe yizici zazo zobuciko. Njengomthetho, lezi zingezona izakhiwo zokuhlala ezivamile, kodwa izakhiwo zomphakathi noma amathempeli.

Akuyona ingozi ukuthi izakhiwo zenkolo zazihlanganisa izithelo zokuphefumulelwa kokudala kwabadwebi. Ukukhulekela kobuNkulunkulu kwakungekho kuphela uhlelo lwesimiso, kodwa futhi kwakudinga indlela ekhethekile kakhulu yokuhleleka kokudala zonke izakhi zethempelini, kuhlanganise nesisombululo sayo sokwakha, nokuhlobisa imifanekiso.

Isitayela sokuqala sezakhiwo zeHellas lasendulo

Ukwengezwa kwesistimu ye-oda ekwakhiweni kweGrisi lasendulo kunezimpande ezijulile zomlando. Ngisho nasesikhathini sokuqala - inkathi yama-archaic kwakukhona izakhiwo ezinobuciko obubizwa ngokuthi i-Doric order. Amathempeli awenziwe ngaleli sitayela abonakala nge-squat, enkulu futhi ekhangayo yokuhlobisa. Umdwebi owaziwayo waseRoma nomshini uVitruvius, owayehlala ekhulwini lokuqala le-AD, wamchaza ngokufanele ngokuthi "owesilisa".

Ukufaneleka kwesici esinjalo kubonakala uma ubona lezi columns ezinkulu, ukudala umqondo wamandla, okukwazi ukubhekana nanoma imuphi umthwalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuso bawo, obumbozwe ngemifantu yesikhathi eside egijima eduze kwe-axis, igcizelela intshisekelo phezulu, futhi kudala umuzwa wokuguquguquka, okwenza, ngezinga elithile noma enye, uhlelo lonke lwe-oda lase-Greece lasendulo lusezingeni eliphansi.

Ngokuchaza kafushane le nqubo yokwakhiwa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umphumela wokunyakaza ufezwa yilokho uhlobo lwekholomu - ebanzi esisekelweni salo, bese uthayipha phezulu. Kufana ne-pointer eqondiswe esibhakabhakeni - indawo yokuhlala kulabo bonkulunkulu abakhulekele ethempelini. Le ndlela yokwenza izinto ibuye isebenze enye inhloso: umdwebo obumbene wenkomfa wekholomu kubangela umqondo omkhulu wokunciphisa amandla adonsela phansi kuneziboniso zawo eziqondile.

Ukuhlukahluka kwamathempeli okuhlelwe kwe-Doric

Ingxenye yomqhele wekholomu - inhloko-dolobha - ibonakala ukungabi nokuhlobisa futhi iqukethe umjikelezo obushelelezi obizwa ngokuthi i-Echinus nesibhawunxantathu - i-abacus. Akukho lutho olungathandeki. Ubuhle besilisa obuqotho abudingi ubucwebe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuqondiswa kwezobuciko akusho ukuthi uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwe-Greece yaseGrithani lunikeze i-monotony yangaphandle yamathempeli aphethwe ngaphakathi kohlaka kwalokhu noma isitayela.

Ngokufana okufanayo kokulingana, amathempeli eDoric abukeka ahlukile. Konke kwakuxhomeke ekuphakameni nasezindaweni zamakholomu, kanye nokulingana okuphelele kwesakhiwo. Kwezinye izimo, kwakhiwa indlebe yokuzizwa okungenangqondo, futhi kwabanye - ukukhanya nomusa. Ukuze ubone lokhu, kwanele ukubuka izinhlobo ezinkulu zePasteum Temple of Poseidon bese uziqhathanisa nokuphakama emiphakathini yendlu engcwele kaHephaestus nge-Agora.

Ukubonakala kwesici sesifazane ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo

Ngesinye isikhathi kamuva, esivele isesimweni semikhuba yaseMedithera, isimiso sokuhlelwa kweGreece yaseGrithani sathuthukiswa nesinye isitayela sokwakha, esaziwa ngokuthi i-Ionic Order. Ngokungafani nomngane wakhe waseDoric, owafaka amafomu akhe ngezindlela zakhe, wabonakala njengowesifazane kanye nomusa, oboniswe emibhalweni emihle yamakholomu, kanye nokulula okuvamile kwamathempeli.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaklami abangamaGreki, abaphefumulelwe abalingani babo abahle, benza izinhloko zamakholomu ngesimo semibuthano efana nesifuba sesifazane elihlotshiswe ngokuhlobisa okucebile ngendlela yemigexo. I-Kannelury yenza ngokujulile kangangokuthi bazibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya nombukeli ngemigqa yengubo.

Umbono ojwayelekile wesimiso sesifazane kanye nokwehluleka kwesinye isikhathi kwafakwa nge-caryatids - izibalo zesifazane ezisetshenziswa njengezesekelo ezengeziwe. Babehluke kakhulu emifanekisweni enamandla neyinkimbinkimbi yabase-Atlante emathempelini aseDoric.

Izinhlobo zesitayela se-ionic

Izakhiwo eziphathelene nesigunyaziso se-Ionic azihambisani. Zinezici ezihlukile ezazivumela ukuba zihlukaniswe zibe yizinhlobonhlobo ze-Asia Minor ne-Attic. Owokuqala wayevezwe umdwebo ojulile wesisekelo kanye nokungabikho kwesifiso - umdwebo wezindwangu eziqoshiwe ezakha izingxenye ezingenhla zodonga. Kwenzeka njalo. Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Attic kuvamile. Lesi yisitayela sokuthi uhlelo lwama-architecture lwe-Ancient Greece lwaludume kakhulu. I-Athens Acropolis yiyona eyaziwa kakhulu yendlela yokuzibonakalisa ngayo.

Izici ezihlukahlukene zamathempeli zesitayela se-Attic zingabizwa ngokuthi isakhiwo esiyingqimba esithathu - ibhande lebhande, ukuphumula ngezinsika ezisekelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zibhekene nomfutho oqhubekayo, oguqula yonke indawo yesakhiwo futhi ngokuvamile ehlotshiswe ngezinhlobonhlobo zokuhlobisa.

Ngokuvamile, amathempeli e-ionic, ngenxa yazo zonke izinzuzo zawo ezingenakuphika, abe nomphumela owodwa ophawulekayo - imininingwane eyayiyingxenye yokwakhiwa kwawo ayinqatshelwe ukubuyekezwa okuphelele. Ngezici zabo zokwakha, babenhle kuphela kusuka kolunye uhlangothi. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi uhlelo lokuhlelwa kweGreece lasendulo ludinga isitayela esisha, esicacile nakwejwayelekile.

Isitayela esithatha impumelelo yamakhulu eminyaka edlule

Kwakuyi- oda yaseKorinte, ithuthukiswe ngokucabangela ukufaneleka nokuhlaselwa kwababengaphambi kwayo. Wenza okungcono kakhulu izici zabo. Kwakuye kuye ukuthi uhlelo lwe-oda lweGrisi lasendulo lwagcwaliswa ngokugcwele. Kukhona umlando wokuthi umdali wayo, umdwebi waseGreki waseCallimachus, wasendulo waba ngufakazi kulo mboniso ayewakhumbula.

Emile ethuneni lomfazi osemusha ongumGrisi, ibhasikidi lembali le-acanthus laligcwele amagatsha aluhlaza ahluma ngemigoqo yalo. Umakhi wakuthanda kakhulu kangangokuthi wadala amakholomu amaningana, izihloko zawo ezenza lokho ayekubonile. Babenhle kuzo zonke izindawo zokubuka, futhi isithombe sabo kwakuyisisekelo sokwakha iwaranti entsha yokwakha.

Isakhiwo se-Roman esingenhla u-Vitruvius saqhathanisa amakholomu amancane aseKorinte nama-silhouettes amantombazane. Ngokungafani nezibonelo ze-Dorian ne-ionic, zibukeka ziguquguquke futhi zilingana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezihlokweni zaseCorinthia kanye nesiqubuthu, ngaphezu kokubheka kwazo zonke, kubhekwa umklamo ohlose ukuhlobisa, kubanike ukubonakala okukhangayo okukhanyelayo.

Abalandeli baseRoma bamaGreki asendulo

Uhlelo lwe-oda lweGrisi lasendulo lwaluyisizathu sokudala nokuthuthukiswa kwezitayela zokwakha zoMbuso WaseRoma. Kodwa, ngokungafani namakhulu eminyaka adlule, kulokhu, isikhathi esilandelayo somlando wezwe, ukusabalalisa kwakungekho emithathu, kodwa imiyalo emihlanu. Kulabo abazuze amaGreki abakhi bezakhiwo kanye nezitayela ezibukeziwe ngobuciko, izakhiwo zaseRoma zanezela ezimbili zokuqala, ezakhiwe yizo - amaTuscan nalabo abakhiwe.

Okulula kwakuyisitayela saseTuscan. Kwakuvezwe ngamakholomu amakhulu kanye nesidumbu esenziwe lula saseDoric - isikhala esibheka isikhala, ngokuvamile esenziwe ngokhuni. Ama-Roman-Doric ne-Roman-Ionic ngokuvamile ayekhiqiza ama-Greek prototypes, kodwa ngezinye izinguquko. Ngokuqondene nesitayela esiyinhlanganisela, kubhekwa njengento eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke esakhiweni sayo, ngoba sasimele konke okwakushiwo yi-oda elisele.

Isisekelo sesisekelo sezakhiwo zomhlaba

Akusikho ukugxeka ukuthi ukusungulwa kweGreece yaseGrisi, isimiso sokuhleleka esathola ukuqhubeka kwayo emisebenzini yabadwebi bamaRoma, kwakuyisisekelo lapho wonke umhlaba wakhiwa khona. Uma ubheka ngokucophelela ubuciko bakhe obudume kakhulu, ungabona kuzo izakhi ezafika emhlabeni wethu kusukela ekujuleni kwamakhulu eminyaka yasendulo.