Ithafa Armenia - entabeni esifundeni enyakatho ye-Asia Minor. Umbuso lasendulo endaweni ye Highland Armenia

Ngokokuqala ngqá igama elithi "Highland Armenia" Uvele 1843 ku wokulandisa Hermann Vilgelma Abiha. Lokhu wamazwe Russian-German kanye sokuma, nayo eyachitha isikhathi esithile abanye eNingizimu eCaucasus, futhi kamuva waqamba igama samanje yakithi. Kuze kube manje mayelana nemvelaphi yawo njengoba ifa labantu Armenia zenzeka impikiswano eshubile. Nokho, esihlokweni sizoxoxa timvo letehlukene, kanye preconditions ngokomzimba kwendawo.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la-Armenian Plateau?

Lokhu indawo kungokwalabo Alpine-zaseHimalaya uhlelo entabeni. Ezikhathini zasendulo yayibizwa imbozwe amanzi lasendulo Tethys Ocean, okuyinto kuqinisekiswa imivubukulo uthola ezingqimbeni emhlabeni :. izinsalela abahlukahlukene yamakhorali, inhlanzi, izimbaza, njll Ukuze kwezazi yithuba ezinhle nekugcamisa yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene yesikhathi. Isizathu ukuze kwakhiwe ezintabeni zaseCaucasia, Armenia ezinkangala, Tibet (njengoba endaweni eseduze) bese ephakamisa ngaphandle kwamanzi olwandle kanje.

I ukushayisana Eurasia futhi protrusion Arabian Gondwana uvele eCaucasus and ithafa Armenia. Clash of ezwekazini laseNdiya eYurophu nase-Asia kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi izingqimba sedimentary we ekujuleni kolwandle, okuyinto walala phakathi amapuleti amabili, ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa bakhuphukela. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni zaseHimalaya, Tibet nezinye izintaba eziphakeme endaweni.

I Neogene Highlands izikhathi eziningi phehleka ngaphansi kwethonya nokuqhuma yangaphakathi. Lava, okuyinto wathululelwa phezu ungqimba lomhlaba aqhephukile, eshelelayo emphethweni ezinkangala. It cishe sonke ndawo ubuso kwezakhi-basalt. Kuze kube manje, Plateau itholakala eMpumalanga Eseduze. Nge izinhlangothi ezine lizungezwe nezinye izindawo - Asia Minor Iranian Plateau, oLwandle Olumnyama nethafa yaseMesophothamiya.

izindawo ezisezintabeni imfundo

Highland Armenia has inqwaba ephezulu izintaba, amaketanga enkulu izintaba-mlilo, kanye nezintaba-mlilo ezithile yokuqothulwa. Iphuzu esiphezulu insimu bathi Omkhulu Ararati entabeni. It has a ukuphakama 5165 amamitha. Eziningana ezincane Lesser Ararati (3925 amamitha) neNtaba Suphan (4434 metres), okuyinto zitholakala eTurkey. Ngo-Armenia, kukhona intaba Aragats, okuyinto has a ukuphakama 4090 metres uphinde uthele kancane e-Iran - Sabalan (4821 imitha) kanye Sahend (3707 metres).

Yini indawo liyingxenye Highlands

Kufanele uhlu lokho endaweni zitholakala kule ukuphakama, ukuthi kuhlanganisa. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungu afanayo ithafa-Armenian - kuyinto insimu yonke Armenia ne-Turkey, engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Iran Azerbaijan, I-South Georgia.

izici insimu

Lokhu ithafa ingenye elikhulu labo Owadala lava. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, umsuka walo kangangokuthi ngezikhathi ezahlukene Zomhlaba, kule ndawo usebhekene izinguquko ezinkulu isakhiwo sabo. Khona-ke wasukuma ukuba ebusweni kolwandle ngenxa amapuleti ukushayisana, okwaphumela isakhiwo ezifincizekile ezifana nezimpiko, ukuhlukaniswa, ukukhulula kusukela Earth semali lava. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwezinye izintaba ezisebusweni ithafa-mlilo yokuqothulwa (isib, Ararat), futhi yena kubhekwa indawo ukugadlwa ukuzamazama komhlaba engazinzile.

Ukuphakama zezinkangala zase-Armenia namhlanje - 1500-1800 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle. Kumayelana kakhulu we angomakhelwane ithafa Iranian ithafa Anatolia. Uma sikhuluma endaweni Plateau, kuba ayizinkulungwane 400 amakhilomitha square.

Kufanele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi umthombo wemifula eziningi njenge-Ewufrathe, iTigrisi, Araks, Izikhukhukazi. Cishe zonke emfuleni yasethafeni Armenia zizogcwaliswa snowmelt nasemvuleni. Futhi amanzi endaweni yokubhukuda ukwenza amachibi eminingi (kwekulu - Sevan, Van, Urmia).

Umbuso lasendulo endaweni the Highlands

Le ndawo bekulokhu sabantu. Kusukela kwasungulwa Geological, kwathatha ukubukeka yesimanje wayekwa. Yiqiniso, kungaba ukuqinisekisa abanye izinhlangano omphakathi atholakele kuphela zemihla basezinganekwaneni noma umbhalo we-cuneiform bezinye izizwe (ngaphezulu wafunda).

Isimo endala ezinkangala zase-Armenia, okuyinto eye bodokotela nemivubukulo (kumbiwa), ngokuthi URARTU. It kwaqala BC IX leminyaka. e. kuya BC VI leminyaka. e. Sokuthuthwa kwempahla isimo URARTU ingenye yezindawo eziyinhloko eMpumalanga Eseduze. Lapho awela kwamazinyo, isb. E. Ingabe benqotshwa amaMede, endaweni aba ingxenye yaleso Achaemenid isimo.

zokwakheka Eminye ensimini ka uthi wehla yokuthi esikhathini BC II leminyaka. e. ke kwakhiwa le-Armenia Omkhulu, okuyinto isiqalo sombuso kohlanga yesimanje.

Armenia uthi isimo olukhulu URARTU - njengoba okhokho Armenia lasendulo. Nokho, la mazwi kuyinto debatable, kusukela abukho ubufakazi esinokwethenjelwa lokho kugomela. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi amaqiniso abaningi nje oqanjiwe.

Ifa lasendulo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa endaweni the Highlands, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zamuva, kukhona zasendulo ezimangalisayo usitshele ukuthi obaba wahlala, yini eyayimenyezelwa amasiko abo, indlela yokuphila nokunye. D. isimo lasendulo endaweni yasethafeni Armenia, kuvela, washiya igalelo lakhe kithi, inzalo yabo.

Imivubukulo eduze kwale ntaba Portasar kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi kunamaKristu kwatholakala a ethempelini, elingelakwaJuda isikhathi ngaphezulu wasendulo kunokuba ngisho amaphiramidi waseGibhithe (ngaleyo ndlela, kungashiwo wagomela ukuthi izizwe abahlala lapha endulo, kuye kwadingeka ezingeni eliphakeme ukuthuthukiswa) . Okwamanje, ezine ethempelini bengaba nalo, kulindeleke ukuba uthole ngisho abayishumi nesithupha.

amakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili esuka Yerevan wathola ukwakhiwa, okuyinto isendleleni sifana Stonehenge, kodwa umsuka ngaphezulu lasendulo. Kuyinto iphindaphindeke thwi emi izingongolo kokuba phezulu imbobo ngokusebenzisa. Futhi uma ubheka phansi Karavundzh (igama isakhiwo), khona-ke singasho ukuthi ezakheke okusikhumbuza umlaza Cygnus.

Izimfihlo ukuthi washiya okhokho

Enye yezimfihlakalo unsolvable ukuthi luthathe izingqondo nososayensi izintwana ezimbalwa ezitholakala ku insimu ka-Armenia. Omunye wabo kwesithombe inyoni, lokwatholakala Eastern Armenia ngeminyaka yoma ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Iqiniso lokuthi iminyaka yakhe yobudala - okungenani engu ayizinkulungwane ezintathu, futhi impahla okuyindawo ezenziwayo yesimanjemanje engaziwa. Akekho ithuluzi yesimanje ayikwazanga umonakalo.

Enye sokuthi wamangaza ososayensi ababe yensimbi ibhithi ngamahhashi. Yalotshwa esifanayo futhi wathola ukuthi le nyoni, kodwa ngokuphawulekayo kahle walondoloza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi imikhiqizo yensimbi waqala ukwenza okokuqala endaweni ethile eminyakeni eyinkulungwane kamuva.

Ngenxa miphumela, abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuvela yezimpucuko sokuqala senzeke kancane ekuqaleni kuka lalibhekwa. Abanye baze bathi wazithatha esizeni ezinkangala yesimanje Armenia mayelana izinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili edlule.

Ezinye impikiswano ezihlobene kule ndawo

Ngokuphathelene igama lendawo phakathi abacwaningi ukufuthelana mpikiswano. Abanye bathi kubonisa indlela nomlando yokuthi lapha eminyaka Armenia wahlala. Lezi abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zizwe lokuqala kuxazululwe le ndawo ngisho endulo. nazo ziyaxoxa ubunjalo Armenia ngoba Highlands, lapho behlala - sombuso yoke imiphakathi. Ukuqinisekiswa kutholakala emibhalweni yesandla ehlukahlukene lasendulo, ngesikhathi abavubukuli, ngisho kwelinye yezincwadi zasendulo - iBhayibheli.

Nokho, abanye abacwaningi bayangabaza kuzo zonke izinqumo ezinjalo. Mayelana igama ubheke yokuthi kuphela ngo-1843 kwaba ingxenye kwansuku sibonga ukuphila mlando uHenry Abikh. Phakathi nalolo hambo, wayehamba abameleli eSontweni Lase-Armenia futhi abaholi Armenia, ukuze konke akubonayo, futhi nganikezwa njengoba ifa isiko lase-Armenia. Le ngxenye abacwaningi uthi Armenia ngokomlando kahle kwamanye amazwe, njenge uHerodotus, okhuluma ngawo ezincwadini zakhe ukuthi isizwe, uthi Armenia enisezweni sifinyelela engenhla Ewufrathe, eduze naseFrigiya, futhi ingxenye encane sentaba eseduze ekuqaleni komfula Galis.

Uma sicabanga igama Highlands, ezikhathini zasendulo yayibizwa eyaziwa ngokuthi al-Zazavan. Ibn Hawqal (X kumbhali Arab ekhulwini), owachaza ezweni emibhalweni yakhe, uthi ubufakazi amaningana Turkish futhi Azerbaijani (amasiko, indlela yokuphila, njll ..). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto abacwaningi bakholelwa ushaye phansi uma ucabanga ukuthi kule ndawo kwenzeke izenzakalo kweBhayibheli kukaZamcolo, ngoba nje izingxenye ezithile emkhunjini ngoNovemba, ezitholakala endaweni.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kunzima kakhulu ukwazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ngezenzakalo ezenzeka endulo kule ndawo. Yiqiniso, uma ungenawo usungula umshini isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, zonke izingxabano kufanele isekelwe kuphela amaqiniso sizila imivubukulo nocwaningo wathola izinto.

isiphetho

Ithafa Armenia - iyizwe ukuthi inomlando omude futhi ocebile nezinto eziningi eziye zatholwa sikhunjulwe wemizi yasendulo futhi abantu. Labo ezizathwini ezenza mlando nabacwaningi esifundeni mayelana ezikhathini zasendulo impela, ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ekuphikiseni noma uqinisekise. ongelutho Simple kungaba kuphela zibabaza okutholakele engavamile futhi ngeso lengqondo indlela basetshenziswa amadlozi lasendulo.