Ubani owasungula microscope okokuqala

idivayisi okunjalo, efana ngesibonakhulu, ngaphambili ezweni lanamuhla zithandwa kakhulu. Ngamunye wethu kusukela ezinsukwini esikoleni uyakhumbula ukuthi lokhu kuyinto kudivayisi optical ukuthi ithuthukisa ndaba namakhulu noma ngisho izinkulungwane zezikhathi. Ekilasini biology sabuka ngokusebenzisa eyepiece ku amaseli onion ifilimu futhi wazibuza dodgy nokuba yinkimbinkimbi leli thuluzi. Namuhla, sizama ukuqonda owasungula microscope, ngoba impendulo ngqo kulo mbuzo okwamanje.

Kanjani microscope lokuqala

izakhiwo Optical ezishelelayo banana Kwatholakala eneminyaka engu-300 BC. Euclid e azibhala zakhe zaqhubeka zikhuluma ngocwaningo, echaza kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona futhi ibonisa ukukhanya, kuphumele i ukwanda ngenkathi izinto ezibukwayo. UPtolemy ku "yokukhanya" ukuchaza izici ingilazi oluvuthayo. Kodwa ngenkathi zonke lezi izakhiwo ayengasetshenziswa. Futhi ambalwa nje eminyaka yayisetshenziswa practice. Hans Janssen nendodana yakhe kaZakariya elakhiwa ngo-1550, imodeli sokuqala ngqá kudivayisi: kwelinye tube ibekwe lens amabili, bese sitholakala kanjalo i okuwukwanda ngamaphesenti izikhathi, anamanci mahlanu. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izimpendulo embuzweni owasungula ngesibonakhulu lasekuqaleni. A uGalileo e 1610 yathola ukuthi, ukusunduza kwesibonakude, basungula, ungase futhi ukwandisa izinto ezincane. Wayekhipha yona le nengcweti ayebhekwa njengengxenye omunye owasungula microscope lokuqala, ehlanganisa lens emihle nemibi. Ngemva kwalolo suku, ucwaningo kule ndawo waqala ukukhula ngokushesha.

Ngekhulu le-17 - isikhathi eminingi etholakale enkulu

Kuleli khulu kwakukhona revolution real kwezobuchwepheshe, elaba isisekelo wesayensi eziningi zalezi zinsuku: biology, imithi, i-physics, tibalo. okutholakele grand nokwasungulwa omkhulu zenziwe. Ngaso nje leso sikhathi nangezibonakhulu ngcono kakhulu futhi baba kuyingxenye ebalulekile zonke umcwaningi. Kodwa ngoba akekho umuntu ngempela akashongo owasungula microscope, ubani ambheka njengomfundisi wawo umdali. Ngokusho ekubukeni okukodwa, ungumdali iyunithi nokubika A. Kircher, e 1646 echazwe idivayisi njengo- "ingilazi zigcwele." Yini-ke aqukethe? Kwaba ingilazi Ukhulisa, ilungiswe ngesisekelo ithusi, ayeba esigabeni. Ezansi yafakwa nesibuko flat ukubonisa ukukhanya futhi akhanyisele isihloko. Esebenzisa screw zingasuswa wamisa ingilazi isithonjana. Le divayisi baba sibonelo zanamuhla ukukhanya microscopy.

C. Huygens eyepiece uhlelo futhi ukuqhubeka kudivayisi

Ukusungulwa kwalesi simiso kwaba igxathu elikhulu kakhulu ekuthuthukeni microscopes. Kwakunokwenzeka ukunikeza isithombe kungekho nto enemibala emihle ukuthi avunyelwe ukwandisa ngokucacile izifundo. K. Drebel usosayensi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 benza ngesibonakhulu kwakwakhe, ehlanganisa lens amabili: elokuqala isihloko, yesibili - ukuba iso umcwaningi. Kulokhu, ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa ingilazi biconvex, enikeza isithombe okuhlanekezelwe lakhulisiwe. Robert Guk e 1661 phelelisa kudivayisi, kokwengeza enye lens. Lolu hlobo baba amamodeli ethandwa kakhulu futhi iningi nangezibonakhulu kuya maphakathi nekhulu le-18. Omunye umklami - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - Uphinde abhekwe labo yasungulwa microscope. Isizathu - ngeqhaza lakhe elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni iyunithi yokubika. Ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula, yena sipholisha lens. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi base sincane, unikezwa ukwanda yesiteleka - izikhathi 350-400.

Ithonya Lako microbiology ngesibonakhulu

Ukusebenzisa lens zabo Leeuwenhoek wadala kudivayisi sakhe futhi waqala ukutadisha ezihlukahlukene lezinto. Ngakho, ngemva lens eyindilinga eyodwa kuphela encane wabona ngisho neconsi lamanzi angcolile uquqaba lwezidalwa ophilayo ubukhulu kulencane. Kwaphethwa ngokuthi kukhona abanye uhlobo lokuphila encanyana. Leeuwenhoek wasiphakamisa cwaningo yayo, okuyinto kwasho ukuqala enye isayensi entsha - i-microbiology. Ngo-1861, usosayensi ethulwa ayekutholile yi-Royal Society futhi wathola isihloko umsunguli we-microscope kanye wamazwe enkulu. It kuvela ukuthi - lowo owasungula le-microscope. Ngu amadivayisi manje echazwe iye yashintshwa okukhulu. Kukhona onobuhle ukuthi ungasebenzisi nokukhanya ukuze ikhiqize isithombe, futhi ukugeleza electron futhi ngezinye izikhathi laser. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa izibalo computer. Microscope isibe omunye amathuluzi ebaluleke kunazo zonke ucwaningo ngesayensi yemvelo, isetshenziswa ku-chemistry biology, ne-physics.

electron microscope

Uma uzibuze owasungula microscope electron, lengiyo kungaba: Physics we-University of Sheffield. At inhliziyo idivayisi ubudala - indlela yokudlulisela microscopy, ukukuvumela ukuthi uthole isixazululo izithombe, kungagcini kuphela nombono electron. Umklamo zedivayisi ukudluliswa, abacwaningi belahla lens kazibuthe, ngoba ngokuvamile kwehlisa nokuxazululwa kwezinxushunxushu ngendlela. Through the isampula wadlula umumo womsebenzi ngamagagasi, futhi ikhompyutha ukuhlaziywa yesithombe. Lena ptychography electronic. Ukusebenzisa ukuhlela kabusha isakhiwo esincane kanye nezinye izindlela ezimbalwa ukwakha isithombe sokugcina, ososayensi bakwazi ukwandisa isinqumo kahlanu kudivayisi ekhona.

Umgomo we isinyathelo of ngesibonakhulu electron

Manje akubalulekile kangako owasungula microscope kuqala. Manje iyasebenza umbukiso ezahlukene ngokuphelele, amadivayisi kakhulu namandla kakhulu, kuhlanganise electronic. Ngokusho isimiso umsebenzi zifana ukukhanyisa. Kuphela kuzo esikhundleni ecucuza ukukhanya ngokusebenzisa isampula ihlolwe electron futhi odonsa asetshenziswa esikhundleni ingilazi lens. Kodwa kwaluqeda ngenxa aberrations esivela lens kazibuthe. Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi indlela ukubuyisela isithombe. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abazalwane odonsa asuswe wesifunda, futhi ngenxa yalokhu ukuhlanekezela.

Ubani owasungula microscope ukukhanya? Umlando omncane

Kuyini ngesibonakhulu optical? Lolu hlelo laboratory yakhelwe ukukhiqiza izithombe lezinto ezincane umbono lekhulisiwe ngenjongo cwaningo, ukubuyekeza kanye ngokoqobo. Saqala sihloko bethu umlando ukuthuthukiswa microscope, kodwa manje sibheke udaba ngaphesheya. Okwamanje, leli thuluzi kuyadingeka hhayi kuphela odokotela nezesayenzi. Ngaphandle akunakwenzeka ukuba zibone ngeso lengqondo yesimanje nobuchwepheshe eliphezulu izidingo zamanje ukulawula inhlangano izinga imikhiqizo.

Sitshele omunye impumelelo. Ngo-2006, ososayensi German Mariano Bossi kanye Stefan Hogo athuthukile nanoscope - esindayo duty ngesibonakhulu optical, okuyinto ikuvumela uhlole izinto supermalenkogo usayizi 10 Nm, futhi ukuthola eliphezulu kakhulu 3D-sithombe.

Kafushane mayelana amathuba amadivayisi yesimanje

Singabantu kuncane okwaziwayo ngaso umbuzo owasungula microscope kuqala. Manje, ambalwa amazwi mayelana amathuba amadivayisi yesimanje. Ngo-2010, i-Israeli Yeshiva University, kwafika izindaba ukuthi ososayensi bakwazi ukubona indlela umuntu molecule ukuhambisa ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abacwaningi German wanqoba ukuguqulwa yamangqamuzana ngokuhamba zamakhemikhali. Futhi ngonyaka ngasekuqaleni laseKharkov pti ithole isithombe esicacile athomu ngabanye. Futhi kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi nangezibonakhulu okwamanje ezilula ukuxoxisana ngama-amakhono abo electronic.