Ngokubhala lwamaSlavic Russia

ulimi Modern Russian esekelwe i-Old Church lwamaSlav, yena, esake esetshenziselwa ngokubhala, futhi inkulumo. Eye yasinda imiqulu eminingi futhi imidwebo.

Isiko Rus sidilizwa: lokubhala

Ososayensi abaningi baye bame kwelokuthi phambi ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, kwakungekho nhlobo umbhalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezikhathini yokuloba Kievan Rus zazingekho njengoba enjalo.

Nokho, lokhu nokucabanga okungalungile, ngoba uma ubheka umlando nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile futhi uthi, singabona ukuthi wonke umuntu isimo oqinile lapho umsebenti latibhalele wona. Njengoba Russia wasendulo bahlanganiswa eziningana emazweni sasivumela ezinamandla, nombhalo kwakuwumbhalo Russia kuyadingeka efanayo.

Elinye iqembu ososayensi ucwaningo Kuye kwafakazela ukuthi Kwakulotshiwe ukuthi, futhi lokhu siphetho lwaqiniswa eziningi zalezi zincwadi zomlando kanye namaqiniso: ". Mayelana ngokubhala" Brave wabhala yezinganekwane Futhi, "Ukuphila Constantine noMethodius" libhekisela khona sokulotshwa Eastern lwamaSlav. Njengoba ukuqopha ubufakazi namanje kuholele Ibn Sicela.

Ngakho lapho kwakukhona ulimi olubhalwayo Russia? Impendulo yalo mbuzo namanje impikiswano. Kodwa i-agumenti esiyinhloko umphakathi, kuqinisekisa ukuvela ngokubhala eRussia, kukhona izivumelwano phakathi Russia nase wayiyisa eByzantium, zalotshwa 911 kanye 945, ngokulandelana.

Kirill mina Mefody: iqhaza elikhulu ku-Slavic alfabhethi

Umnikelo othisha Slavic kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwaba isiqalo umsebenzi wabo ngolimi Slavic eseke zamagama ayo, okuyinto kwaba lula kakhulu e umsindo walo nelupelomagama kuka isihumusho ulimi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi othisha nabafundi sabo hhayi washumayela East Slavic abantu, kodwa abacwaningi bathi may uMethodius noCyril sizibeka umgomo. Isingeniso lokuzwakalisa umbono wakhe wawungeke nje bandise izithakazelo zabo, kodwa futhi ukuba lula ukuqaliswa kwe-East Slavic isiko ulimi lula.

Ngekhulu leshumi izincwadi kanye nezimpilo Yokukhanyiselwa omkhulu wathathelwa indawo yakwa-Russia, lapho baqala ukujabulela impumelelo yangempela. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi abacwaningi isibaluli ukuvela lokubhala eRussia, le Slavic zamagama.

Russia kusukela kwethulwa ngolimi lwabo alfabhethi

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi amaqiniso, abanye abacwaningi ngizama ukubakhumbuza ukuthi zamagama we Ukukhanyiselwa uvele izikhathi Kievan Rus ', okungukuthi, ngisho engakabhapathizwa, lapho eRussia lezwakala ezweni lamaqaba. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iningi izincwadi ezilotshiwe ezingokomlando Cyrillic, babe amaphepha aqukethe ulwazi abhalwe zamagama Glagolitic. Abacwaningi bathi, cishe, zamagama Glagolitic njengoba lisetshenziswe ERussia yasendulo kwaba phakathi nekhulu lesishiyagalolunye-yeshumi - ngaphambi ukwamukelwa kobuKristu.

Okusanda, lokhu nokucabanga okuye kungase kutholakale. Ososayensi nabacwaningi wayethole incwadi eziqukethwe ukurekhodwa umpristi yokuphumula ezithile. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, yokuphumula wabhala ukuthi e 1044 eRussia bayisebenzisa zamagama Glagolitic, kodwa abantu Slavic bayibheka njengelungelo uthisha zabasebenzi uCyril yase yaziwa ngokuthi "Cyrillic".

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi singakanani kwakuhlukile ngesikhathi isiko Rus sidilizwa. Ukuvela ngokubhala eRussia, njengoba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile, uqalile kusukela ukukhanyiselwa amabhuku kwandile, naphezu amaqiniso, ethi nokuloba kwakungukuloba esibalulekile eRussia yobuqaba.

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo lwesiSlavic Temibhalo: umbhaphathizo zwe lamaqaba

Kushesha yentuthuko East Slavic abantu waqala ukubhalela ngemva umbhaphathizo Rus ', lapho kwakukhona ulimi olubhalwayo eRussia. Ngo 988, lapho Prince uVladimir uphendukele ebuKristwini ngo-Russia, nezingane zibhekwa njengezingcwele kwezicukuthwane baqala ukufundisa ngo izincwadi ongokoqobo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi esifanayo, kukhona izincwadi zenkolo, ngokubhala, umbhalo lock isilinda, futhi kwaba khona abangu-Inkulumo elilotshiwe, elinezibonelo ngensimbi beat oda, ngezinkemba. Ngesikhathi izimvu zamanzi kwesikhulu avele imibhalo.

Futhi, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi kukhona ezinganekwaneni zemali ne imibhalo ukuthi wasebenzisa Prince uVladimir, Svyatopolk futhi uJaroslav.

A 1030 inzuzo ukusetshenziswa kabanzi birch namagxolo.

Irekhodi lokuqala ebhalwe: imibhalo yesandla birchbark namabhuku

Amarekhodi lokuqala ebhalwe ku ukuqopha steel birch namagxolo. Lokhu eKufundza neKubhala is olotshiwe ku isinqamu elincane amagxolo birch.

Ohlukile yokuthi basuke namanje emi namuhla. Ukuze abacwaningi ngemiphumela yalolu cwaningo kubaluleke kakhulu: ngaphezu yokuthi ngenxa lezi efuze ingatholakala izici ulimi lwesiSlavic, ngokubhala ku birch namagxolo sesikwazi ukuxoxa ngezenzakalo ezibalulekile ezenzeka phakathi nanye namakhulu eminyaka lweshumi nanhlanu. Lamarekhodi babé esibalulekile lapho kutadishwa umlando ERussia yasendulo.

Ngaphezu isiko lwesiSlavic, amagxolo birch yasetshenziselwa phakathi kwamanye amazwe namasiko.

Kuleli qophelo embhalweni ezinqolobaneni kwemibhalo eminingi birchbark, eyabhalwa Amakholwa Old. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nge obhekwe Berestovoy 'lwephepha', abantu baye bafunda stratify amagxolo birch. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso kwaba umfutho ngokubhala izincwadi amagxolo birch. Slavic ulimi olubhalwayo Russia useye waba ngaphezu kanye nomphakathi othuthuke kangcono.

A iyisibusiso ivulela abacwaningi kanye mlando

Incwadi yokuqala, Berestovoy ephepheni, okuyinto atholakele eRussia, etholakala emzini Novgorod Elikhulu. Zonke ezazini eziye zahlola ngokuhlanganyela umlando ukwazi ukuthi lo muzi waba Kumqoka kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa Russia.

A esigabeni esisha ekuthuthukiseni zolimi olubhalwayo: nguqulo njengeyingozi 'impumelelo enkulu

umthelela omkhulu ulimi olubhalwayo eRussia waba lwamaSlav Southern.

Prince uVladimir e laseRussia laqala ukuhumushela izincwadi futhi imiqulu ephuma ngezilimi lwamaSlav aseNingizimu. Futhi ePrince Yaroslav the Hlakaniphile basungula ulimi tetemibhalo, sibonga obekukhona kuwo uhlobo enjalo etemibhalo njengoba izincwadi esontweni.

Lokubaluleke kakhulu olimini asendulo ayenamagama ikhono ukuhumusha imibhalo kusuka izilimi zakwamanye amazwe. Inguqulo yokuqala (izincwadi), ababevela amaqembu West Europe, kwaba ukuhumusha kusuka esiGrekini. Kwakuwusuku isiGreki ngezindlela eziningi ushintshe nesiko isiRashiya. Amagama amaningi loan asetshenziswa bayanda imisebenzi ebhaliwe, ngisho emibhalweni efanayo isonto.

Kuyinto ngalesi sigaba saqala ukushintsha nesiko eRussia, okuyinto uloba more xaka.

Izinguquko sikaPeter Omkhulu, endleleni eya ulimi elula

Kanye nokufika kwalolo uPetru mina, ngubani ngilunge isakhiwo bonke abantu isiRashiya, ngisho ngolimi isiko, izichibiyelo abalulekile Kuye kwenziwa. Ukuvela ngokubhala endulo eRussia ngokushesha nzima ulimi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakade Slavic. Ngo 1708, Petr Veliky esethula okuthiwa "ifonti nezombuso. ' Kakade 1710 Peter mina mathupha sibuyekezwe incwadi isiRashiya, ngemva kwalokho lwezinhlamvu entsha idalwe ngamunye. Alfabhethi bekulokhu lula futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa. umbusi Russian wafuna lula isiRashiya. Abaningi izinhlamvu babemane ayifakiwe zamagama, kanjalo lula hhayi kuphela abakhuluma, kodwa futhi ngokubhala.

Kuba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo ekhulwini le-18: ukwethulwa izinhlamvu entsha

Ushintsho main kwaba ukwethulwa incwadi enjalo ngalesi sikhathi, njengoba "futhi emfushane." Lencwadi yethulwa ngo-1735. Kakade 1797, Karamzin wasebenzisa uphawu entsha ngoba "yo" umsindo.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, le ncwadi "yat 'ilahlekelwe nencazelo yalo, ngoba kwaqondana umsindo" e "umsindo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi uhlamvu "yat" ayeka isetshenziswe. Ngokushesha wabuya futhi esephethe futhi alibange lisaba yingxenye yokubhala isiRashiya.

Esigabeni yokugcina ekuthuthukiseni ulimi Russian: ushintsho oluncane

I kabusha sokugcina, ezashintsha iskripthi eRussia, kwaba izinguquko 1917, owathatha kwaze kwaba ngo-1918 Kuhloswe ukuba ngakususi konke izinhlamvu, umsindo okwakukhona noma efanayo kakhulu noma ngokuphelele okuphindaphindiwe. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi kabusha kuze kube manje, iphuzu okuqinile (b) kube khona ukwehlukana, futhi ezithambile (b) Waba ukwehlukana e nekukumakwa ungwaqa esithambile.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kabusha eye yabangela ukungeneliseki kakhulu ingxenye abaningi abavelele izibalo etemibhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Ivan Bunin wagxeka kakhulu ushintsho lolu limi.