Ukufika lokuqala Ukuyisa umuntu enyangeni. Usuku, umlando, amagama

Isikhala bekulokhu isikhala, okuyinto edonsela nge isondele futhi inaccessibility njalo. Abantu ngokwemvelo abahloli ilukuluku - kuba ngentuthuko emphakathini umqondo lobuchwepheshe, futhi kwabangela ukwanda ukwazi. Ukufika lokuqala Ukuyisa umuntu enyangeni waqinisa inkolelo yokuthi sinekhono lokwenza indiza interplanetary.

Umhlaba satellite

igama Russian "Luna" umzimba cosmic, lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi Proto-Slavic kusho "ukukhanya." Kuyinto satellite imvelo esemhlabeni futhi isidumbu saso eliseduze yasezulwini. Ikhono kubonise kwelanga ku komhlaba kwenza into ngokuma kwenyanga ukukhanya esibhakabhakeni yesibili. Ekhuluma ngomsuka umzimba cosmic , kunemibono amabili: uthi yokuqala okuvela kanyekanye ne-Earth, wesibili uthi inyanga kwakhiwa kwenye indawo, kodwa kamuva ethunjwa yesisindo eliwumhlaba.

satellite khona kuphakamisa ukubonakala imiphumela ekhethekile ukuze iplanethi. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla Luhambo yakhe Luna ungaphatha elula yamanzi (tide). Ngenxa yobukhulu, eqala ingxenye ukuhlaselwa meteoroid kuka ngezinga elithile ivikela umhlaba.

izifundo kokuqala

Ukufika lokuqala Ukuyisa umuntu enyangeni - kuwumphumela i ilukuluku American futhi inhloso wezwe dlula iSoviet Union ngo-umagazini wamuva we isikhala ulwazi. Zeminyaka eminingi isintu sinawo ukuze ubuke le nendikimba ethile esemkhathini. Ukusungulwa e 1609 kwesibonakude ngu uGalileo iziphuphutheki wenza indlela okubonakalayo ukufunda okuthuthukile futhi kunembile. Njengoba Ngabamba iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, kuze abantu baye banquma ukuthumela umzimba elingaphandle unmanned kuqala. Futhi kwaba ngomunye wabokuqala isiRashiya kwakuwulimi lapha. Septhemba 13, 1959 ku kobuso enyangeni kwe isikhala kudivayisi kunendawo enkulu engahlolwa amarobhothi, yaqanjwa satellite.

Unyaka ka ukufika komuntu wokuqala enyangeni - 1969. Uqinisile 10 kweminyaka, osomkhathi American Uvule khathizwe entsha sokuthuthukiswa impucuko. Ngenxa izifundo eningiliziwe, savula up amaqiniso athakazelisayo lokuzalwa kanye nesakhiwo se-satellite. Lokhu, kwenza kwaba lula ukushintsha ukubukeka umbono Zomhlaba uqobo.

uhambo American

Mkhathi "Apollo-11" waqala indiza yayo ngo-July 16. Amatilosi lalinabashumayeli osomkhathi ezintathu. Inhloso bomkhankaso kwaba ukufika lokuqala Ukuyisa umuntu enyangeni. Ukuze imoto satellite landizela izinsuku ezine. Futhi kakade Julayi 20 module nemizana oLwandle Yokuthula. Engxenyeni ningizimu-ntshonalanga iqembu wahlala isikhathi esithile isikhathi: amahora angaphezu kuka-20. Ukuba khona nje abantu phezu 2 chasa okwathatha imizuzu 31. Ngo-July 24, amatilosi wabuyela Earth, lapho yayigcinwe endaweni ngokuhlukaniswa izinsuku ezimbalwa: kwenyanga osomkhathi amagciwane kuze kube yimanje.

Eyokuqala phezu kwenhlabathi kwenyanga wangenela uNeil Armstrong (umkhuzi), imizuzu embalwa kwesokunxele Edvin Oldrin (umshayeli). Maykl Kollinz (omunye umshayeli ngaphezulu) walindela ozakwabo orbit. Osomkhathi lalitshonile i flag American futhi amathuluzi imishini yesayensi. Ngakho, ukulungisa ngomzuzwana, ukufika kuqala wabantu the Moon Yenziwa. Khishiwe ngokusemthethweni afakwe logbook futhi encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla zomlando zomhlaba; kuyisifo owaziwa Juni 21, 1969.

Neil Armstrong

Ukuze umlando ekunqotshweni nenyanga egcwele, kumele uzijwayeze Umlandvomphilo short wabahloli yayo yokuqala. uqale nge hero eyinhloko kule ndaba - Neil Armstrong. Wayesebenza kahle umkhaya omkhulu: abazali abanothando, udadewabo omncane kanye nomfowabo. Uyise wamabhuku mabhuku: zonke amalunga omuzi babehamba naye ngokusebenzisa isimo edolobheni. bahlala unomphela kuphela Wapakoneta (Ohio). Lo mfana kwaba amahle, wayenguMfana Ongumhloli ibencono.

umsebenzi Okokuqala Armstrong - Air Force test umshayeli, wahlanganyela empini Korea. Ngo-1958 wabhalisa pilot isikhala eqenjini. Njengoba kumkhuzi walo, wenza indiza yayo yokuqala umkhumbi "Gemini 8" ngo-1966. Spacewalks, ngaphandle kokufika on enyangeni, wayengamesabi. Ngo-1970 waya Russia njengengxenye NASA kuthumela. Kusukela 1971 kuya ku-1979 wasebenza njengomfundisi. Washona ngemva kuhlulekile ukuhlinzwa dlula ngo-2012.

Edwin Aldrin

It has kwaqala Scottish. Uyise wakhonza e-US Army elisezingeni isikhulu. INdodana ngalandela ezinyathelweni zakhe, futhi ngokwenqaba imfundo ephakeme, wangena Military Academy. Udade osemusha, waklonyeliswa Edwin-Buzz isidlaliso, ngoba abazi uhlambalaze ngokugcwele igama elithi "umfowabo".

Aldrin iziqu izifundo zakhe elisezingeni webutho lezempi, futhi wathunyelwa Nempi YaseKorea. Khona-ke wavula izindiza ukulwa. Lapho ebuya phambili afike wakhonza khona njengenceku dean umsizi we Academy of the Air Force, bese lahunyushelwa inkonzo maphakathi isikhala izindiza.

Ngonyaka 1988 (e umshayeli) ithunyelwa indiza ku okoloorbitny "Jen-12." Kulesi uhambo Aldrin wenza spacewalk kuqala. I "Apollo 11" recaps landizela ne okuthiwa inyanga umsebenzi. On kobuso satellite izinyathelo 20 amaminithi ngemva kokukhishwa komyalo futhi uqhuba sokudubula zomlando. Ngo-1971 umsebenzi wakhe NASA wayephezu.

"Umhlalaphansi Astronaut" ... Kwaba ukushaqeka okukhulu ngoba Edwin. Eminye imithombo olungekho emthethweni zithi Aldrin kwaba ukuvakasha satellite wathembisa yesibili. Kodwa wahlala indoda "lesibili" enyangeni. Lesi simo ongemuhle psyche we-astronaut wangaphambili whereupon wacala kunatsa futhi ngacindezeleka. Kusukela ngo-1970, waqala ukuzama usezakhele igama njengomqambi umbhali. He is nombhali wezincwadi eziningana mayelana ukuhlola umkhathi nokunqoba zenyanga.

Maykl Kollinz

Omunye umlingiswa okubalulekile "inyanga" yomlando. Uhambo lokuqala luzoba ne spacewalk esenziwa Michael ngo-1966 ngomkhumbi 'Dremin-10. " Phakathi uhambo lwesibili Wayeleminyaka elinde osomkhathi module umyalo. I osomkhathi bayalwa: uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka phansi kwamanzi nokuqopha mcimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakudingeka ukusiza izisebenzi, uma bezithola baxakekile. Kodwa umsebenzi walo main kwaba: naphezu kwezimo, ukubuyisela umkhumbi Earth. Ngaphakathi the gama of Michael Collins Moon wentaba uqambe ngakolunye uhlangothi.

Ukupheliswa izifundo

Kukholakala ukuthi izindiza we satellite nocwaningo yayo iyasebenza namuhla wayeka, kodwa akuyona. Uma abalulekile isinyathelo zomlando Armstrong inyanga phansi ezinye "Apollo". Akubona bonke bomkhankaso abaphumelela, kodwa ngempela izithelo isayensi nobuchwepheshe. Rumour has it ukuthi manje inyanga ngokuthi 'isingathwe "by njengabafokazi. Emuva ngo-1972 e-United States iSigele umhlangano Useye umbiko kuphazamisa izinhlelo isikhala amabutho ezihlakaniphile ezisemkhathini. Kuze kube namuhla, le cindezela ngezinye izikhathi seep izithombe okuyinto ibhalwe izibani ongaziwa ohlangothini amnyama zenyanga.

Kodwa akuvimbeli abantu ezidalweni ezingekho ezivela kwenye ukuhlola umzimba yangaphandle. Le nguqulo ibe yiqiniso iningi ukumisa izindiza eziya inyanga ubhekwa yokuntuleka kwezimali. Isikhala ukuphumelela kule 70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule iphutha ngenxa uncintisane neSoviet Union. Ngemva kokunqoba ezithile ku-US uhlangothi imali imali ekuthuthukiseni indiza ababaziwa kwancipha ngokushesha. Ukufika bokuqala inyanga, usuku eyayizoba nokuqala "isikhala" enkathini entsha, baba ukuphela kwayo: Eqinisweni, abantu baye baphelelwa isifiso ayokuhlula nendikimba ethile esemkhathini. yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni ukuqedwa zendiza, kudlalwa inzwabethi okwesabisayo ukuthi Armstrong nethimba lakhe ayikaze nenyanga yonke Saga ngobuciko nje kudlalwa.

"Moon" uzungu

Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi le "uhlanga" ne-Soviet Union, yonke imibhalo ye-kokwehla ukuthi faked okwenziwa uhulumeni wase-. Ukuqala nehlazo kubhekwa incwadi American B. bezinhlamvu, eveza ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke. Nakuba ngemuva kokuphela kwesivivinyo wembula ukuthi umkhiqizo kwaba siyindlela engokwemvelo buzz amahlebezi kuleli zwe.

Kunobufakazi obuthile bokuthi obusekela lo mbono ukuthi ukufika komuntu wokuqala enyangeni - kuyinto falsification :

• Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo-1976, abantu lezibalo Melika.
• izenzo ukuqeqeshwa Isiqophi osomkhathi uMhlaba-based, okuyinto ukufana kumnandi ne-roller, amavidyo phezu satellite.
• Modern ukuhlaziywa isithombe usebenzisa Isihleli sesithombe, lapho ukubonakala iziqephu olungalungile wesihlahla.
• US flag uqobo. Abanye ososayensi wayengowokuqala ukusikisela ukuthi izigaxana akakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngaphansi adonsela phansi oyinyanga ngenxa yokuntuleka emoyeni.
• Ngo izithombe "kusukela inyanga" Awekho izinkanyezi.
• Edwin Aldrin wenqaba ukufunga nezincazelo eziningiliziwe ngeBhayibheli ukuthi kuza kobuso nendikimba ethile esemkhathini.

Zonke amacala kokufika abasekeli wathola imbangela eyinto ejwayelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, retouching ukuthi asetshenziswe isithombe ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi kushicilelwa hhayi yezwakala ifulege umoya kusukela isinyathelo Spaceman (oscillation damped), lobeka ifulege. Amarekhodi Original kungukuthi kugcinwa ke, iqiniso lokuthi isinyathelo sokuqala esiholela ekuphingeni satellite Earth uhlala impikiswano.

I-Russian kwaba isehlakalo ezimbi ngonyaka ka ukufika kuqala kubantu inyanga. Uhulumeni waseSoviet alizibonanga kufanelekile ukubeka abantu ezweni kuqashelwa umcimbi American. Nakuba isiRashiya Ambassador wamenywa, ngesikhathi kwethulwa "Apollo 11", akazange abonakale. Isizathu ngokuthi uhambo analo ezindabeni ezibalulekile zikahulumeni.