Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich: Biography futhi lwezincwadi

Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich - Economist kweSoviet futhi isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu, umlobi yesayensi, nomlobi nakancane of lomtshikatshika emnothweni ongumlimi kanye nomqondo umnotho zokuziphatha. Uyena omele eliqhakazile isizukulwane lezihlakaniphi Russian yasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20. Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich, esemgwaqweni ngezansi isithombe, konke ukuphila kwakhe yayizimisele cwaningo lenhlangano wezolimo. umqondo wakhe ngeke bashiywe ngaphandle abangaphumelelanga iziphathimandla zaseSoviet. Nokho, kusukela ngo-1990, ososayensi ngokuya baqala ukubiza iziphetho Chayanov. Ake sizame ukubona ukuthi yini ehlangene ukuhlobana lomtshikatshika umqondo ongumlimi ukulima.

Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich: Biography

Kodwa kungenzeka cabanga okwatholakala usosayensi, engaqondi ukuthi weza kubo? Ngakho asiqale Biography. Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich wazalwa ngo-1888 ukuze umndeni yomthengisi, owayehlala eMoscow. Bethonywe izihlobo ngo-1906 ejoyina ngemva kokuthola iziqu ekolishi Uvuko eMoscow Agricultural Institute. Kakade ngonyaka wokuqala waba nesithakazelo kuyisayensi. Yayithanda Mensera. Njengoba yaziwa, lo somabhizinisi kuyinto umsunguli imfundiso yokuziphendukela Umbuso onganakiwe. Ngo-1908 Chayanov ukuvakashela i-Italy ngo-1909 - Belgium. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho esemncane enjalo yena wajwayelana kula mazwe njengoba usosayensi kweqiniso, hhayi izivakashi abavamile. Ehlabeke umxhwele ngenxa yezinguquko uhambo lokuqala Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich, lwezincwadi okuyinto ke izokuba eziningi imisebenzi yesayensi kodwa futhi kwezobuciko hhayi kuphela, zavela Uhlelo ukujwayelaniswa ngomuzwa angaphandle yenhlangano wezolimo. Isihloko sokuqala usosayensi esizayo yayizimisele co-operation e-Italy. Phakathi ukuqeqeshwa eyunivesithi Chayanov eshicilelwe izihloko zesayensi 18. Wathenjiswa indawo umnyango wezomnotho wezolimo, uthisha wavuma. Ngo-1912 wathola isihloko Master Chayanov. Khona-ke washiya ngoba ngonyaka ku-internship phesheya. Ngalesi sikhathi lapho dulos umsebenzi e-Paris nase-Berlin. Phakathi nenkathi internship waphothula umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala obalulekile "Tindzaba phezu Theory zomsebenzi umnotho."

Ubudlelwano kanye iziphathimandla zaseSoviet

Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich, ogama umnikelo umnotfo ukuthuthukisa krestyanovedeniya umqondo kwakungelona theoretician, futhi uye wafuna njalo ukusebenzisa imiphumela yayo practice. Wayengumuntu ilungu ezehlukene, ilungu weBhodi ngokuBambisana congresses. Candidacy Chayanov ngisho oqokiwe for the post ka UNgqongqoshe Wezolimo, kodwa akazange akuveze okuthunyelwe kuphela amasonto amabili. Ekugcineni co-opharetha kwadingeka ukuba enze ukuthula lokuphikisana neziphathimandla zamaSoviet. Kusukela ngo-1919 Chayanov osebenza Yabantu Commissariat wezoLimo. Cishe ngaleso sikhathi waqala ukufunda izincwadi. Ngo-1922, umqondisi socwaningo Chayanov iqondiswa kuhlelwe emhlanganweni obungoLwesibili emnothweni wezolimo. Ngawo lowo nyaka, washada waya uhambo oneminyaka emibili phesheya. Ngo-1923 ukushicilelwa umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu - ". Inhlangano komnotho ongumlimi" isiqalo sakhe ngokubala Uprofesa wobunxiwankulu. Ngo-1930 Chayanov baboshwe. Yena uqokelwe "Labor ongumlimi Party" ophethe inhlangano. iPublic mayelana naleli cala akazange athathe indawo. Ngesikhathi esejele, usosayensi siyaqhubeka ukusebenza umqondo wakhe. Chayanov ke badingiselwa Alma-Ata, lapho uyaqhubeka esebenza ku Commissariat wezoLimo. Ngo-1937, i-iwubuphukuphuku zingenakubekwa cala usosayensi isigwebo sokufa ngokungafanele. Lesi sinqumo ngokurhaba Chayanov wayeneminyaka engamashumi 49 kuphela ubudala.

Umsuka walo umqondo

I ifa kwezobuciko we krestyanovedeniya umsunguli wehlukile kakhulu. Kuhlanganisa imisebenzi yesayensi akukhona nje kuphela, kodwa futhi isebenza yobuciko. Noma kunjalo, bonke ukwabelana ngento eyodwa. Imisebenzi yobuciko sifanekise alula okutholakele eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi. Chayanov sanezela olunye kuzo zonke izindawo yezitayela Agro-kwezomnotho. Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa lezi zindlela ezilandelayo ekuthuthukiseni ukubhalwa ongumlimi zabasebenzi umnotho theory. Phakathi kwabo:

1. Ukuba khona amapulazi umndeni.
2. Creation cooperatives wezolimo.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa emkhakheni wezolimo iyonke.

Umkhaya-labour ithiyori

Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich kuyinto umsunguli wonke isiqondiso. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, inkinga izigodi le kulendawo. Lokhu zaholela ezinkingeni nezokulima. kwekuhlela kabusha Stolypin sika ayisebenzanga, futhi lujule. izinkinga kungalungiswanga emkhakheni wezolimo zidinga ukuvela umbono omusha wenhlangano wezolimo. Chayanov wazizwa umoya izikhathi. Wayebheka lowo isici esiyinhloko emnothweni Russian - lokhu domesticity. It yaba nethonya la ukubukwa Chayanov futhi ukuqeqeshwa sikhungo. Ngempela, phakathi kothisha Chayanov labelwe ochwepheshe ngobukhulu kwezolimo, uProfesa N. N. Hudyakov, AF Fortunatov, DN Prianishnikov.

Inhlangano ongumlimi ukulima

Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich kwakungelona kaMarx. Nokho, yayingathandi ngezindlela eziningi emibonweni efanayo "Capital" Umbhali mayelana nohlobo abalimi njengoba ilungelo kwabasebenzi nabaqashi. Abavelele Economist Russian yasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20, eqonda sidzingo setingucuko ayisisekelo. Ngo phambili, wabeka i-career siqu emkhayeni ompofu. Ngokwalolu cwaningo nakho angaphandle kanye enokwehla usosayensi idatha ubeka phambili umbono yokuhlela plan kanye nomqondo ibhalansi zabasebenzi. Bakha isiqalo of krestyanovedeniya. Ngokwe-Economist, ubukhulu kahle ibhizinisi yezolimo incike isibalo isibalo samalunga omndeni.

Loluhlelo

Injongo umsebenzi ongumlimi umkhaya iwukuba ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo. Lapho ngokufanele ihlelwe izindlu, ngakho-ke kwenzeka ngezinga elithé xaxa. Ngakho-ke, isidingo silungisa amaqhinga. Uma lokhu kwenziwa ngendlela efanele, kuqinisekisa ukuzinza inkampani futhi ophakeme kunabo zabasebenzi kahle. ipulazi ngalinye kumele ubonakale njengengxenye uhlelo. Ngakho-ke, kuncike komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane emphakathini. Umndeni njengoba i entity Kufanele sisebenzise wonke amathuba izimo ezikhona. uhlelo yenhlangano kusiza ukuqonda Sakhiwo sangekhatsi emnothweni, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagatsha ezahlukene ezezimali inzuzo kanye zabasebenzi ngoba imisebenzi ehlukene. Kuhlanganisa:

• Labor ibhalansi. Ukhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi ezolimo nokudoba.
• Ukukhiqizwa ibhalansi. Iveza ubudlelwano phakathi imfuyo nempahla.
• Cash ibhalansi. Yena ephawula izimali kanye nezindleko.

sebhithi

Chayanov babekholelwa ukuthi isihluthulelo tekuhlelwa kwemisebenti plan akuyona thize ukucabanga isicelo zokuhlola. Phakathi kwabo:

• Iyahola amathuba emisebenzi kumele kube umndeni kanye nobuhlobo babo ne umthengi yayo izimfuno ezingemukeleki.
• Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele ngokuphathelene namalungelo okusebenzisa umhlaba. Kungaba into nokukhawulela.
• Kuvele umbandela ezibalulekile ikhonza inhlangano zensimu. ilungiselelo Akuphumelelanga has nomthelela omubi nekusebenta emnothweni ongumlimi.
• Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele izici lenhlangano zomsebenzi. Kudingeka ukuba banake izindleko zohambo.

Ngakho, umlobi bakwazile ukuhlanganisa zonke izici uhlela ukuthuthukisa komkhaya omncane wakulelo amabhizinisi ezolimo.

ibhalansi zabasebenzi

Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich - oyisazi sezomnotho ezahlela imodeli ukunquma umkhawulo yemvelo wanoma iyiphi inhlangano ibhizinisi. Wathi yi njalo kunesidingo ukunquma yi isici zokukhiqiza, okuyinto etholakala kunomkhawulo kakhulu. Ukuze amapulazi umndeni Chayanov zisebenza lezo zigaba jikelele kwezomnotho njengentela yesakhiwo, isithakazelo, imali, amanani. Uveza amaqembu amabili zici inzuzo yabo: kumnotho wasekhaya kanye kazwelonke. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka ibandakanye izimali wobuntu ukushuba isicelo sabo.

Ukwehlukanisa Farms abalimi

Enkathini yokugcina lokusungula usosayensi wawela phezu ngonyaka 1927-1930. Ekanye nabanye zezomnotho, wafundiswa inkinga yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo ka abantukazana. Wabonisa ukuthi kwaphakama ngenxa nokungezwani zokukhiqiza yemvelo futhi elula lezimpahla. Eyokuqala nethonya ukuze ezimaphakathi evundile abamnyama, lona wamuva - kwamakhulu kunawo. Lokuhlela Kabusha kuye kwaholela ekwandeni kufuduka kwemali, okuvamise ukuthi kube yimbangela kwamangqamuzana. Ngakho-ke, babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini, ngokuvumelana Chayanov, awuzange elihlobene ne izinqubo nomphakathi, kanye nokuqedwa izinhlobo ezintsha amapulazi. Ukuze yokugcina akufaka ukulima, esikweletu usurious, commercial nokusekelwa. Ukuxazulula le nkinga usosayensi wacabanga ukuthi kudingekile ukuba ukuqhuba collectivization wokubambisana. Yena abolekise kufanele ukusiza sabasebenzi yasemakhaya ukubuyela uyisibonelo yendabuko zomsebenzi umndeni.

Inani umqondo sokuthuthukiswa isayensi

Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich - isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu esisebenza kanye Economist, ezimsebenzi ososayensi eyaziwayo yesimanje abatadisha uhlelo ezolimo. Nokho, yingenxa lokhu kubukwa ahlupheka ngazo. Stalin mathupha wagxeka le mfundiso. Chayanov ngoba kuqala abadingisiwe futhi ibulawa eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-49. Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, le nkolelo-mbono waphila. Ngo-1980 yokuthi yaqala ukukhulunywa nabafisa ukuzovakasha. Namuhla, abaningi zezomnotho Agricultural namanje usibize, futhi uthole ugqozi kuwo.

Chayanov Aleksandr vasilevich Izincwadi

Usosayensi wabhala imisebenzi eminingi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuphela ngesikhathi ukuqeqesha at sikhungo, uye ishicilelwe 17 izihloko. umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko kubhekwa incwadi "Tindzaba phezu Theory zomsebenzi umnotho." Ngo-1989 yanyatheliswa emqulwini owodwa imisebenzi akhethiwe usosayensi. Phakathi imisebenzi edume kakhulu yobuciko Chayanov "Journey womfowethu Alexei ukuba utopia ongumlimi". Ezinye zazo ziye zanyatheliswa ngemva kokufa kombhali eminyakeni 1980-2010.