I-Tibetan Plateau: incazelo, indawo, isimo sezulu kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo

I-Tibetan Plateau - yakhula kakhulu alpine endaweni emhlabeni. Kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i- "ophahleni emhlabeni." Kuyinto Tibet, okuyinto ingxenye kwekhulu elidlule kwaba geqe futhi manje ingxenye China. Okwesibili igama it - Ezweni snows.

Plateau Tibetan: indawo

Highlands itholakala e-Asia Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi e-China. Ngo entshonalanga Tibetan ithafa izungezwe i Karakoram enyakatho - ne Kun-Lun, futhi empumalanga - ne ezintabeni Sino-Tibetan eningizimu lihlangabezana zaseHimalaya ngokubabazekayo. Ngo-Tibet, kukhona izindawo ezintathu: enkabeni nasentshonalanga (U-Tsang), enyakatho-mpumalanga (Amdo), empumalanga naseningizimu-esempumalanga (Kam). Plateau ihlanganisa indawo 2 million amakhilomitha square. Ukuphakama isilinganiso Tibetan Plateau - 4 kuya ayizinkulungwane 5 amamitha.

impumuzo

Esikhathini enyakatho ingxenye kukhona emathafeni inamagquma futhi flat nge high kokuwa. Ngaphandle Northern Tibet ungathi Midlands, kuphela kakhulu aphakeme. Kukhona glacial landforms: izimoto, emikhombeni, moraines. Bathoma endaweni engamamitha 4500 amamitha. Kanye emaphethelweni Highlands ayizintaba nge emithambekeni emaweni, nezigodi ezijulile futhi ezihosheni. Eduzane zaseHimalaya nezase ezintabeni Sino-Tibetan, emathafeni ukuthatha ifomu imicengezi intermountain, lapho Brahmaputra ageleza - emfuleni ngobukhulu. Ithafa Tibetan kuyehla kube 2500-3000 amamitha.

umsuka

ZaseHimalaya nezase-Tibet naye ezakhiwe subduction - ukushayisana izingqimba lithospheric. Tibetan ithafa kumiswa kanje. platform Indian yacwila ngaphansi ipuleti Asian. Nokho, akazange Ungehleli kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa futhi baqala ukuthutha nendawo, wathutha ngakho endaweni ekude, lokungawo futsi navuswa ithafa Tibetan at kokuwa eliphezulu. Ngakho-ke, impumuzo ugxile flat.

Isimo sezulu

Isimo sezulu, okuyinto Tibetan Plateau, onokhahlo, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo ezinkangala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umoya esomile, ngoba ithafa athambekele kuleli zwekazi. Ezingxenyeni eziningi ezinkangala imvula 100-200 mm ngonyaka. Emaphethelweni amamilimitha angu 500 eningizimu, lapho eziphephweni nishaye - 700-1000. Ngokuyinhloko, kwezulu uwela sinjengeqhwa. Ngenxa yalesi ezomile, emgqeni iqhwa kuphezulu kakhulu, ezingeni 6000 amamitha. Le ndawo elikhulu zeqhwa okwakungokokuqala ngqá kule eseningizimu, lapho kailas futhi Thang. Enyakatho maphakathi nezinga lokushisa lonyaka ububanzi phakathi kuka-0 no-5 degrees. Snowless ebusika ihlala isikhathi eside, zikhona-degree amathathu frost. Summer ngokwanele cool lokushisa 10-15. Esikhathini ezigodini nasezintabeni eduze eziseningizimu ushisa.

Tibet Plateau has a ubude obungaphezulu, ngakho emoyeni azinasisindo, lesi sici kunomthelela abukhali lokushisa ekushintshashintsheni. Ebusuku endaweni epholisa, kukhona imimoya enamandla lwendawo uthuli iziphepho.

amanzi maphakathi nezwe

Imifula kanye namachibi lingama ku Highlands kukhona imicengezi ivaliwe, okungukuthi, ungenayo i-abakhwabanisi zangaphandle ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle. Nakuba emaphethelweni, ubuswa eziphephweni, umsuka wamasiko imifula emikhulu kanye ezinkulu. Kuyinto umsuka umfula iYangtze, iMekong, eMfuleni Yellow, i-Indus, Salween, Brahmaputra. Zonke le mifula emikhulu of India neChina. Enyakatho, amandla amanzi notshwala ngokuyinhloko ngenxa encibilika iqhwa kanye nokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa. Esikhathini eningizimu ziphazanyiswa imvula. Ngaphakathi Tibet Plateau imifula imvelo flat, futhi ngaphakathi emikhulu azungeze kungaba ezinzima kakhulu futhi asheshe, izigodi zabo, kunalokho afana umhosha. Ehlobo kukhona kwafika semilambo, futhi ebusika iqhwa.

amachibi eziningana Tibetan Plateau zitholakala endaweni engamamitha amamitha 4500 kuya 5300. umsuka wabo zomhlaba. Elikhulu kubo: Seling, Namtso, Dangrayum. Iningi namachibi kukhona ukujula engajulile, ogwini ongaphakeme. Amanzi kuzo kokuba angaphezulu aqukethe usawoti ongaba ezahlukene, ngakho imibala kanye shades yamanzi izibuko ziyahlukahluka kusuka brown ukuze oluluhlaza. Ngo-November, baba ukuqonda ice, amanzi ayiqhwa kuze Meyi.

izimila

I-Tibetan Plateau ugajwe emaqeleni ikakhulukazi yasezinkangala kanye ezingwadule. Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu yezimila ikhava engekho, kukhona amatshe umbuso. Nakuba emaphethelweni the Highlands kukhona amazwe esivundile nenhlabathi entabeni-edlelweni.

Ehlane okusezingeni eliphezulu izimila is efanele. Amakhambi Tibetan Plateau: umhlonyane, acantholimons, astragalus, Saussure. Nezihlahla: ephedra, eurotia, tanacetum.

Enyakatho, wona okwandile ulele. Lapho itafula amanzi eduze kwamanzi, kukhona izimila edlelweni (sedge, ukotini utshani, bulrush, cobresia).

Empumalanga naseningizimu ye-Tibetan Plateau imvula ukwanda, izimo ziba ngconywana, by amabhande okusezingeni eliphezulu. Uma esiqongweni sentaba ubuswa ehlane, phansi asemaqeleni entabeni (uphaphe utshani, fescue, bluegrass). Esikhathini nezigodi emifuleni emikhulu sikhule nezihlahla (zokhuni, Caragana, rhododendron). Lapha kukhona amahlathi riparian zeminyezane nobhabhulini, Turangi.

emhlabeni isilwane

Esikhathini Tibetan Plateau ku ungulates enyakatho bukhoma: yaks, antelopes, argali, le izinyamazane zaseTibet nesihogo, Kiang ikhukhi-Yaman. Caught onogwaja, pikas kanye voles. Kukhona izilwane ezidla ezinye: nebhere-pischuhoed, impungushe, impisi, Takao. Lezi zinyoni elandelayo baphile lapha: zintaka, iqhwa intendele, uPallas isihlabathi grouse. Kukhona okuzingela: uPallas sika Fish Eagle kanye nenqe zaseHimalaya.

Umlando Tibet Association

Qiang izizwe (okhokho abantu Tibetan) baye bathuthela endaweni ka-the Highlands Kukunor e 6-5 ekhulwini BC. Esikhathini 7th AD leminyaka, bathuthela ezolimo, ngesikhathi esifanayo ephula bakudala uhlelo ngokuhlanganyela. izizwe Tibetan united Namri - umbusi Yarlung. Nge ngendodana nendlalifa yakhe Srontszangambo iqala khona Tibetan Empire (7-9 ekhulwini).

Ngonyaka 787 baba inkolo isimo nobuBuddha. Langdarma phakathi nokubusa abalandeli bakhe baqala ukuba sishushiswe. Ngemva kokufa umbusi isimo sehlukaniswe principalities ehlukile. Ngo 11-12 eminyaka kukhona avele amahlelo amaningi enkolo Buddhist eyakhelwe zezindela, enkulu kunazo zonke zazo ukuthola isimo uthi ezimele engokwasezulwini.

Ekhulwini le-13, i-Tibet, uwela ngaphansi kwethonya amaMongol, ubudlelwane kulahleka ngemva kokuwa the Yuan Dynasty. Kusukela-14 kuya ekhulwini le-17 kukhona emzabalazweni. Monk Tszonkaba uhlela entsha ihlelo Buddhist Gelukba, ngekhulu le-16, inhloko behlelo wathola isihloko uDalai Lama. Ekhulwini le-17, owesihlanu uDalai Lama ucele ukuba kube usizo ukuba Oirat khan Kukunor. Ngo 1642, abaphikisi - inkosi yakwa Tsang esifundeni - ubhujiswe. Gelukba ihlelo uqala ukubusa Tibet, futhi uDalai Lama waba ekhanda ngokomoya futhi temporal yezwe.

umlando okwengeziwe

Maphakathi nekhulu le-18 empumalanga esenyakatho-mpumalanga Tibet ayingxenye Empire Qin. Ekupheleni kwekhulu futhi kuncike kwezinye izindawo isimo. Amandla wahlala ezandleni uDalai Lama, kodwa ngaphansi kokulawula inkantolo Qing. Ekhulwini le-19 le-British yahlasela Tibet ngo-1904 amabutho abo langena Lhasa. inkontileka esayinwe nge Franchise UK e-Tibet.

It liphazamisa uhulumeni waseRussia, neBrithani yasayina isivumelwano ku ukongiwa nokuhlonipha isithunzi sendawo Tibet. Ngo-1911 kwaba khona inhliziyo Han Xin-revolution, lapho wonke amaviyo Chinese baxoshwa Tibet. Esikhathini esizayo, uDalai Lama yamemezela ekunqanyulweni kwe zonke izibopho Beijing. Kodwa ngo-Tibet wahlala elinamandla ngesiNgisi. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ithonya US icushiwe lapha. Ngo-1949, uhulumeni wamemezela kutimela Tibet. China uthathwa njengomgcini separatism. It waqala ukunyakaza Yabantu Liberation Army ETIBET ohlangothini. Ngo-1951, isimo wathola isimo yokuzimela kazwelonke ngaphakathi China. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-8 kwavukelwa waqala futhi, uDalai Lama waphoqeleka ukuba abalekele ecasha India. Ngo-1965, i-Tibet Autonomous Region yasungulwa lapha. Ngemva kwalokho, uhulumeni waseChina eyenziwa uchungechunge repressions ngokumelene abefundisi.

Buddhism benza kanjani Tibet

Penetration Buddhism eTibet enmeshed izimfihlakalo nama-legends. Isimo ngaleso sikhathi kwaba umusha futhi uyingqabavu. Ngokusho yetinsita nabaseTibet wafunda ngokusebenzelana Buddhism sibonga isimangaliso okwenzeka. Lapho imithetho King Lhatotori ibhokisi elincane nolunya bhakabhaka. Kwakuyisikhathi umbhalo Karandavyuha sutras. Ngenxa yalesi umbhalo, isimo baqala ukwanda, inkosi yayicabanga ke umsizi wakhe ngasese.

Eyokuqala zamakhosi Tibetan Dharma babe Srontszangambo kamuva, sasibhekwa owumthombo abavikela yaseTibet - the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. Washada amakhosazana ezimbili, eyodwa evela eNepal, elinye - kusuka China. Bobabili alethwe imibhalo Buddhist kanye izinto zokukhulekelwa. inkosazana Chinese ezilethele Buddha esifanekisweni ezinkulu, okuyinto kubhekwa esifuze eyinhloko Tibet. Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze ihlonipha laba ababili besifazane njengoba incarnation Tara - oluhlaza nomhlophe.

Esikhathini maphakathi nekhulu lesi-8, wamenywa ukuba bashumayele Shantarakshita sefilosofi esidumile, maduzane wasungula zezindela lokuqala Buddhist.