Ukukhiqiza futhi zokukhiqiza: definition, imithetho kanye zazo

Ukukhiqizwa zinhlelo izakhiwo behileleka okuyinto e imishini kanye nabantu abasebenza ndawonye. Zenza imisebenzi yabo ngendlela izimo ethile isikhala, imvelo ukusebenza ngokuhambisana imisebenzi. Ukukhiqiza futhi ukukhiqiza izinhlelo sakhiwe yezici ezithile.

izici Jikelele

Ukukhiqizwa izinhlelo bayakwazi bebodwa noma ngokuhlanganyela nomunye ukuhlangana yalezi nezinye imibuzo, kanye nezidingo bezikhali abathengi ngokusebenzisa emphahleni nasetinhlelweni. Ukuvela izakhiwo ezinjalo kubangelwa ukubukeka noma ukwakheka ezimakethe. Kufanele ingashintshwa ukuze ihlangabezane yesikhathi eside zabathengi isidingo. Ngakho, injongo ohlelweni ukukhiqiza liqukethe ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yafuna emakethe.

esigabeni

Uhlelo lokwenza izinto zokukhiqiza ukulandelana kwemisebenzi ephathelene ne-ekuguquleni izinto futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa ngezimpahla nezinsizakalo. Ngaphakathi lo eziyinkimbinkimbi kukhona ushintsho izimali lisetshenziswe umsebenzi. Bathandana nalo babuye bathandane ngokusebenzisa izigaba ezilandelayo:

1. Imishini. Njengengxenye zomsebenzi yayo Lencwajana ngokwengxenye indawo umshini.
2. Automation. Kuyinto ukudluliswa ephelele imishini kwemisebenzi lokukhanda. Automation kwehlisa ukuzibandakanya womuntu emsebenzini.
3. Standardization. It eqala ukufana izingxenye, imisebenzi, imikhiqizo, ngenxa lapho izingxenye umkhiqizo futhi abantu nezilandiso.
4. Computerisation. It ikuvumela ukudala amathuba shintsho nezimo kwemishini for womshini ezixube imikhiqizo.

Izinhlobo zokukhiqiza

Bazimisele ngokuhambisana izigaba ukwakheka umkhakha yesimanje. Kuye izindlela izindleko-ukusika, inhlangano, ezingeni kwezobuchwepheshe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. Soft pre-yesayensi (wezempi sokungalalelwa kwemithetho).
2. isayensi Soft, okusekelwe ubuchwepheshe nezimo (toyotizm).
3. isayensi Hard (Fordism).

Cabangela lezi zinhlobo zokukhiqiza kabanzi.

Military isakhiwo sokungalalelwa kwemithetho

uhlelo ezinjalo womsebenzi industrial ine izici ezilandelayo:

1. endaweni Key - ukuthunjwa izimakethe ezintsha zemikhiqizo ukudayiswa kwezimpahla eshibhile yabo.
2. Manufactory nemikhiqizo ifektri ezenziwe. Kusekelwe imishini, ukudluliswa wemisebenzi eyinhloko imishini, inikeza ewumngcingo, abasebenzi okukhethekile elula.
3. Izibonisi bese polushablonnaya umsebenzi okuyisidina.
4. isigqi Ephoqelekile yomsebenzi, banikezwe umshini.
5. bekholelwa ezibonakalayo nasengcebweni yabantu ngoba ukwehliswa yabo intengo.
6. Operation Simple.

ukukhiqizwa Ukuphathwa uhlelo kulokhu ubunjalo ingxabano. Empeleni, ngenxa yalokhu, waqamba samasosha anarchist. Ngaphansi kohlaka ubudlelwane ukukhiqizwa ngempela engazinzile.

Fordism

Umsunguli walesi simiso ukukhiqizwa baba G. Ford. Waba imfundiso yokuthi izihlinzeko zazo zimi kanje:

1. High akhokhe zabasebenzi yesisebenzi.
2. Ukulawula namahora. Umsebenzi kufanele asebenze amahora angu-48 ngesonto, kodwa engasekho.
3. Ukuqinisekisa engcono imishini state, ubumsulwa babo ngokuphelele.
4. Ukutshala nokuhlonipha abantu bona nomunye.

Ngokuhambisana lezi zimiso iye kwetfulwa usuku lwamahora angu-8 bese usetha iholo kabili njengoba kuhlongoziwe kwezinkambiso owamukelwa. Ford futhi wadala esikoleni imifundaze, wavula laboratory lwezenhlalo, okuyinto eyenziwa ekutadisheni izimo zabasebenzi, ezokungcebeleka kanye nabasebenzi yasendlini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wayezinakekela abathengi ezingaba khona. Ikakhulukazi, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile sakhokhwa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo izinga, ukuthuthukisa inkonzo amanethiwekhi, izimoto njalo ngcono, unqabile intengo realizable. Ngenxa imfuneko esiqinile wakhuthaza ukwethulwa imishini umsebenzi onzima, emisha okusheshayo. Strictly ukulawula inhlanzeko, nokuhlanzeka, acabangele izici bokuphila abasebenzi ekusakazeni kwabo ukwenza imisebenzi ethile (ezidinga umbono okudala noma ngephimbo elifanayo). Ford wayengomunye walabo owadala ifilosofi umkhuba. Inani le ndoda kanye nabanye abenza wakhuthaza imibono efanayo, liqukethe ngokugomela zezimiso eziyinhloko ezeseka inhlangano zokukhiqiza. Okwamanje, kungukuthi elahlekile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo, kodwa ngokuphambene, abe ezingaphezu kuka funa.

imphawu letibalulekile

Injongo eyinhloko yawo Fordism ekunciphiseni izindleko zokukhiqiza. Phakathi izimpawu ezisemqoka izakhiwo ezilandelayo ingashiwo:

1. ukukhiqizwa pipelining.
2. Ukutholakala Ipaki ezikhethekile imishini.
3. Bafaniswe zabasebenzi elula.
4. isigqi ophoqelelwe, elihambayo ezithile.
5. abasebenzi okuphansi baqeqeshelwe amakhono kabusha.
6. Yomkhiqizo (mass) ukukhiqizwa.
7. izindleko ezincane ukhulisa izimali ukwakha iphayiphi entsha.
8. A esikhulu lokushiya kwabasebenzi.

ukuphathwa

Kuhlanganisa:

1. ukuhlela Production. Kwakuthinta kwenziwe ngesimo uhlu zezimali, abantu kanye nezinto zethu ezibonakalayo.
2. Yomgudu. Kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa inqubo kanye izindlela kwezimpahla ngokusebenzisa imishini.
3. Beluthumela. Linikeza basakaza umzila-yemizila kanye nemisebenzi ukukhiqizwa for ibhizinisi amayunithi.
4. Ukuhlela. Kuyinto kumiswa imifanekiso nokudidiyela izigaba ukucutshungulwa kanye nokukhiqiza izindlela (e uchungechunge noma parallel).
5. Ukulawula ikhwalithi.
6. Ukuthuthukiswa amasu ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusatshalaliswa imisebenzi phakathi kwabasebenzi.

Toyotizm

izinhlelo zokukhiqiza okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla kungukuthi zihlukaniswa eguquguqukayo kanye nekhono ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. Toyotizm - impendulo isidingo ongoti abaqeqeshiwe, ukukhula umkhakha ukuhamba. Kusebenza njengomnyombo ukukhiqizwa yesimanje futhi isimiso sezomnotho. Isimiso yayo esemqoka ukuthola inhlanganisela kahle zokuziphatha kubantu, ukuqeqeshwa, lithathelwe okuqhubekayo yezimo kushintsha njalo. Kulindeleke ukuheha abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe, ukusetshenziswa polushablonnogo nemsebenti wekuticambela. Kulesi uhlaka, nezimo design nokukhiqiza izinhlelo. Zonke izenzo iqinile njengetshe iqoqo izinkampani ezithile kakhulu, ithuthukiswe inethiwekhi amagatsha.

Ukuthuthukiswa zokukhiqiza uhlobo nezimo Japan

Baqala ukuba owethulwa esanda kutholakala, phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ukuthuthukiswa ngempumelelo izinhlelo ukukhiqizwa uhlobo kuphawulwe Japan. Ngesikhathi amabhizinisi waqala ukusebenza model ekhompyutha. It uhlela ulwazi lwabo bonke amayunithi ezihlelekile futhi kuqinisekisa Ukuqhubeka. Ukukhiqizwa futhi uhlelo lobuchwepheshe yalolu hlobo kuhilela ekuphathweni ngokuqondile inkambo okukhipha nokulawula yokusungula. Ukuqhubeka inikezwa yi ukulethwa izinto "ngesikhathi esifanele" endaweni efanele futhi ngobungako edingekayo. Le modeli ibizwa ngokuthi "kanban". umnyango ibhizinisi Lohleliwe eba isheduli masonto onke noma nyangazonke ukwenziwa imikhiqizo emisha. Ngakho-ke akusho ukwenza njenge isikimu ukukhiqizela isitshalo ngasinye. Isheduli Operational athuthukile nsuku zonke, umsebenzi esihlelwe ngokukhethekile elihambayo main. Okunye workshop zidluliselwa ngokusebenzisa lesi simiso "kanban". Le nqubo-Japanese is kulo lonke izwe elalaziwa for izinga layo. ithandwa kangaka bunikezwa control esiqinile lenkampani. Nanoma yimuphi umsebenzi kuwo wonke inkampani azizwa umthwalo ngabanye imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa. imibuthano ekhethekile inkampani kwakhiwa ukulawula izinga. amalungu abo kumele njalo bathuthukise amakhono abo kanye nolwazi.

izimiso

Main izinhlelo zokukhiqiza emhlabeni namuhla zisekelwe:

1. ukuhlela Resource. Ngokuhambisana umsebenzi amaphrojekthi jikelele ukwakha izimo umhlahlo, ezezimali, ukuthuthukiswa ubunjiniyela, umsebenzi schedule.
2. Ukulawula ikhwalithi.
3. Kwezabasebenzi Management. Lihlanganisa ukuhlola izici ngamunye umuntu ukuqinisekisa ngokuqhubeka nokuphepha. Ngo amabhizinisi owethulwa amasheduli nezimo, ukwandisa uhla kwabasebenzi nemisebenzi. ngokwabo behileleka abasebenzi enhlanganweni zokukhiqiza. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa eqenjini kanye yangaphakathi Ochwepheshe ukuzithiba.

Izici Ezihilelekile Kule umkhakha Russian

Okwamanje, imisebenzi imodeli yebhizinisi, esehlanganise zonke izigaba ibhizinisi. Lezi zihlanganisa hhayi kuphela okukhiphayo ngokuqondile, kodwa futhi izimpahla izinto zokusetshenziswa for ukukhiqizwa yayo, nokumaketha imikhiqizo isiqedile. On ukuhlela kanjani ngempumelelo uhlelo incike izinga kwezimpahla, ezingeni izindleko, ukuncintisana yenkampani. Njengoba izici eziyinhloko constraining nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ukukhiqizwa in the Russian Federation, kukhona ukuntuleka abaphathi abafanelekayo kanye nokuntuleka kolwazi mayelana nokuhlukumeza okunamandla futhi amathemba yesikhathi sesimanje.

ekuphathweni ngokucacile

ukuphathwa ukukhiqiza uhlelo kuyisiqondiso abaqaphela lonke ibhizinisi. Le phrojekthi yokuqala ukuba athuthukiswe imodeli kahle ukusebenza kwenkampani. Ukuphathwa lokhu kuhilela ukwenza izinqumo mayelana nendawo izindawo, ukwethulwa imithetho nemigomo. uhlelo ukusebenza kufanele njalo ukugadwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumele isungulwe khona oda imizila idlula, kuchazwa imigomo umaluju yabo. Okunye futhi okubaluleke ngokufanayo lo ukugcinwa izinto, izingxenye, izingxenye kanye nemikhiqizo ngaphakathi ibhizinisi. zokuqapha enjalo kumele kuqinisekiwe kuzo zonke izigaba inkampani. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukuncintisana ibhizinisi kumele kukhiqize umkhiqizo yafuna emakethe. Kulokhu, kufanele babe izici zayo siqu ezenza kube ehlukile kangcono kusukela imikhiqizo yezinye izinkampani. Kule ndaba, ithimba nabocwephesha ukuthuthukisa design umkhiqizo uyoveza inkampani, noma ukusebenzisa ngentuthuko yabo ekhona ethembisa.