Definition of absolutism. Kumiswa absolutism, izici zayo

Izincwadi eziningi emlandweni ukunikela cishe yencazelo efanayo absolutism. Lokhu isimiso sezombangazwe kwavela emazweni amaningi European eminyaka XVII-XVIII. It libhekene amandla yedwa yokubusa kwamakhosi, okuyinto alisho iyiphi sembuso.

Izici eziyinhloko absolutism

Inchazelo yesimanje ye absolutism ukuthi zavela phakathi kwekhulu XIX. Leli gama lathathelwa inkulumo ethi "oludala," okuyinto yabonisa French kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo phambi Revolution Omkhulu.

Bourbon ohlanga kwaba yezinsika eyinhloko absolutism. Nge nasekuqiniseni bobukhosi ukwehluleka amandla kwenzeka imizimba izindlu-omele (United Jikelele). Autocrats saphela uthintane kwamaphini, futhi ukubheka emuva ku umbono womphakathi ngesikhathi senza izinqumo ezibalulekile.

Inkosi nePhalamende of England

Ngokufanayo kwakhiwa absolutism eNgilandi. feudalism Medieval enganikanga isimo ukuze uwusebenzise kahle imithombo yayo namakhono. Kumiswa absolutism eNgilandi enganginayo nzima ezingqubuzana ePhalamende. Leli qoqo of amaphini waba nomlando omude.

Stuart lwamakhosi ekhulwini XVII, wazama ukunciphisa ukubaluleka ePhalamende. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-1640-1660 GG. izwe wasebenzisa impi yombango. Against inkosi yenza onxiwankulu futhi iningi abantukazana. babe ezicukuthwaneni (kwezicebi nezinye abanikazi enkulu ezweni) ohlangothini yokubusa kwamakhosi. IsiZulu Korol Karl mina wahlulwa futhi ekugcineni wabulawelwa 1649.

Ngisho 50 kweminyaka kwakhiwa-United Kingdom. Kuleso nemifelandawonye - Scotland, Wales nase-Ireland - IPhalamende isifakwe ngokumelene kwamakhosi. Ngosizo umzimba ummeleli we izithakazelo zabo zingakwazi ukuvikela abathengisi izigebengu nezakhamuzi nje. Ngenxa engaguquki yenkululeko uqalile sokutakula umnotho. Britain sekuyinkinga enkulu amandla zasolwandle emhlabeni, ukulawula amakoloni ehlakazekile emhlabeni wonke.

othisha oyiNgisi wekhulu XVIII wanikeza incazelo yakhe absolutism. Kubo, kwaba uphawu yizinto zesikhathi esidlule we Tudors futhi Stuarts, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho iSilo wazama esikhundleni yena wonke umbuso.

Ukuqiniswa emandleni obukhosi eRussia

Russian absolutism ekhulwini waqala ngesikhathi kubusa Petra Velikogo. Nokho, preconditions ngoba lesi simanga abangu kuyofikwa ngesikhathi uyise - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Lapho amakhosi ohlanga Romanov liqala ukubusa, indima ebalulekile ekuphileni edlalwe Boyar Duma kanye Zemsky Sobor. Lokho lezi zinhlangano ziye zasiza ekwakheni kabusha izwe emva Nezinkinga.

Alex usuqalise inqubo ekuqedeni simiso esidala. Zinguquko zikhonjiswe idokhumenti eyinhloko inkathi yalo - Council Ikhodi. Ngenxa yalesi iqoqo imithetho isihloko ababusi isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ukwengeza "autocrat". Amazwi kushintshiwe hhayi ngephutha. Ukuthi u-Alexis wayeka ukubiza Zemsky Sobor. Isikhathi sokugcina kwenzeka 1653, lapho kwanqunywa phezu kokuhlanganiswa Russia kanye kwesokunxele-yasebhange Ukraine emva impi oyimpumelelo ne Poland.

Kule nkathi czarist senzeka oda zezinkonzo, ngamunye ohlanganisa elilodwa noma kwenye indawo yomsebenzi kahulumeni. Engxenyeni ekhulwini XVII yesibili, iningi kulezi zikhungo aba ngaphansi kokulawula yedwa autocrat. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Alexis isungule oda izindaba imfihlo. Ngo kwakhe kwakungo izindaba ebaluleke kakhulu isimo, kanye kokuthola nezicelo. Ngo 1682 yayibizwa ngilunge abolishes parochialism uhlelo lapho izikhundla ezisemqoka ezweni Kwasakazwa phakathi kwezicukuthwane ngokuvumelana bengabakaJehova umndeni esihle. Manje lapho uya khona kuyinto encike ngqo kwi intando yenkosi.

Umzabalazo neSonto noMbuso

absolutism Yemfihlo wajaha u-Alexis, wehlela phezu ukumelana namandla leSonto Lobu-Orthodox, owayefuna ukuba angenele ezindabeni isimo. Abaphikisi eyinhloko autocrat baba uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon. Wasikisela ukwenza esontweni esizimele yesigungu, kanye ezinye amandla bathunyelwe ke. Nikon wagomela icala labo ngenxa yokuthi inzalamizi, wathi, wayengummeleli kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni.

I apogee kwamandla baba inzalamizi yokuthola isihloko "umbusi omkhulu". Eqinisweni, yiyo kanye kwamfaka ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo nenkosi. Nokho, ukunqoba Nikon sika yaba ngeyesikhashana. Ngo 1667, uMkhandlu Isonto zamhlubula yesikhundla ayenaso futhi bathunjwe. Njengoba yayingekho muntu owayekhulula inselele amandla autocrat.

Peter mina autocracy

Lapho indodana uPeter Omkhulu sika-Alexei amandla le nkosi ukuthi nakakhulu. imindeni Old boyar Bajeziselwa emuva kwesehlakalo, lapho Izicukuthwane eMoscow wazama ukuketula yinkosi ukuba ahlale esihlalweni sobukhosi udadewabo omdala UZandile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngenxa kugqashuka impi ngo-Northern Baltic Sea, uPetru eqala kabusha okukhulu ukuthi ihlanganisa zonke izici isimo.

Ukuze abenze iyashelela autocrat amandla kanzulu ngokugcwele ezandleni zakhe. He sungula ebhodini, wethula uhlelo kusuka ekuqaleni idale umkhakha esindayo esifundeni esise-Ural, ukwenze Russia izwe laseYurophu ngaphezulu. Zonke lezi zinguquko kungaba kakhulu ezinzima ngenxa yakhe, uma babemelene boyars olandelanayo. I aristocrats yamiswa futhi ngesikhathi yaphenduka izikhulu abavamile ukwenza umnikelo omncane yempumelelo Inqubomgomo waseRussia angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo. ngezinye izikhathi inkosi yakwa ekulweni elite olandelanayo atholwe ifomu ebonisa - okuyinto kuphela isiqephu wokuqhumbuza izindevu futhi uvinjelwe amajazi ubudala!

UPitrosi weza absolutism, ngoba lesi simiso wamnika igunya ezidingekile izinguquko oluphelele yezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza isonto ingxenye umshini isimo ngokumisa esiGungwini we Sabefundisi futhi ukukhansela, ngaleyo ndlela wayencisha abefundisi ithuba lokwethula ngokwaso njengoba umthombo okunye kwamandla eRussia.

UCatherine II amandla

Le nkathi lapho absolutism eYurophu yayina kakhulu, zaba yingxenye ngekhulu XVIII yesibili. ERussia, kule nkathi imithetho Ekaterina 2. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa, lapho Petersburg esigodlweni amasu okugumbuqela imibuso iphutha njalo, wakwazi ukunqoba elite abavukelayo babe ukuphela kombusi wezwe.

Izici absolutism eRussia itholakala lokuthi ukuthi uhulumeni wancika ekilasini kweqiniso kakhulu - ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Lokhu stratum elibusisekile umphakathi ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Catherine wathola Izincwadi Patent. Kule ncwadi, wonke amalungelo ababe izikhulu kubo kwaqinisekiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abameleli bayo babe enkonzweni yezempi. Ekuqaleni, nabakhulu wathola isihloko izwe iminyaka ayichitha ibutho. Manje lo mthetho esikhathini esidlule.

Izicukuthwane akangenelanga kule ajenda yezombangazwe yayifuna ngesihlalo sobukhosi, kodwa ibilokhu umvikeli wakhe uma ingozi. Enye yalezi izinsongo kwaba ukuvukela eholwa Emelyana Pugacheva ku 1773-1775 biennium. Revolt abalimi yabonisa isidingo sokuguquka, kuhlanganise izinguquko ezihlobene serfdom.

absolutism ukukhanyiselwa

Iminyaka Engu wokubusa uCatherine II ka (1762-1796) zenzeka ngisho ngesikhathi ukuvela onxiwankulu eYurophu. Lawa kwakungamadodana abantu baphumelele enkundleni zama-Capitalist. Osomabhizinisi la izinguquko futhi kwenkululeko civil. Ikakhulukazi ukungezwani lubonakale uvele France. Bourbon yokubusa kwamakhosi, kanye Empire isiRashiya, kwaba isiqhingi absolutism, lapho zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile zithathwa umbusi kuphela.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, France wawuyindawo okwazalelwa kuyo ongqondongqondo ezinkulu zefilosofi efana uVoltaire, Lakho, Diderot, etc ... Laba balobi nezipikha babé abasunguli imibono ukuKhanyiselwa. Ukuthi babusekelwe abathanda ifilosofi kanye rationalism. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani liberalism yimfashini. Mayelana umqondo amalungelo abantu futhi wayazi Ekaterina 2. Ekuzalweni wayengumhlali isiJalimane, ngakho kwaba eduze Europe kunani nonke ezazingaphambi kwayo esihlalweni sobukhosi Russian. Kamuva, inhlanganisela imibono ovulekile ngoludala of uCatherine wabizwa ngokuthi "absolutism ukukhanyiselwa."

azame ukuguqula

Isinyathelo esibaluleke kunazo zonke maqondana ekushintsheni Empress eRussia lezwakala ukusungulwa kuyiLegislative Commission. Beniyingxenye kwezikhulu zalo, abameli kwadingeka ukuthuthukisa kabusha okusalungiswa oshayiwe yasekhaya, saliphi wayesekhona lapho indoda iyikhanda lomndeni "ikhodi Conciliar" 1648. Umsebenzi walo myalo ukubeka kwezicukuthwane, owabona i usongo ukushintsha yabo nenhlalakahle. Catherine akazange olokotha aye ezingqubuzana bamazwe. Legislative Commission nje nakacedza umsebenti walo, ngaphandle kwekutfola yiziphi izinguquko zangempela.

Pugachev ukuvukelwa ukujula 1773-1775. hhayi kancane bethukile uCatherine. Ngemva kokuqala kwenkathi yokusabela, futhi igama elithi "liberalism" luye lwaba bekhuluma okukhohlisa okwakufanele abe inkosi. Amandla angenamkhawulo le nkosi wahlala futhi yathatha wonke XIX leminyaka. Uyekwa emva 1905 revolution, lapho Analogue yomthethosisekelo kanye ephalamende ubonakele eRussia.

Emidala oda entsha

absolutism okulondoloza eYurophu wayezondwa ngabaningi ngendlela efanayo njengoba abalimi zokucindezelwa izifundazwe isiRashiya, asekelwe Emelyana Pugacheva. E-Fulansi, kahulumeni kwavimbela ukungena lapho ukubusa onxiwankulu athuthukile. I phansi yabantu basemakhaya kanye nezibhelu ezilandela lokhu kwezomnotho gqwa ngokunjalo waletha Bourbons ukuthandwa.

Ngo 1789 yena kwagqashuka French Revolution. I ke waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha omagazini ovulekile satirists banikwa yencazelo kwakwakhiwa kakhulu futsi bahlatiye absolutism. Inqubomgomo ngokuthi oludala ombangela koke ukugula lizwe - kusukela lebuphuya belive abantukazana ekunqotshweni empini futhi ukwehluleka impi. Isimo kwamandla autocratic.

The French Revolution

Kusukela inguquko kwaba ukuthunjwa izakhamuzi mbuso ejele Paris odumile Bastille. Ngokushesha Korol Lyudovik XVI bavumelana ukuyekethisa bese uba nkosi ngokomthethosisekelo, onegunya uye kungagcini ezimele. Nokho, ungaqiniseki izinqubomgomo zakhe eziye zaholela yokuthi le nkosi isinqumo lokubalekela royalists abathembekile. Inkosi waboshwa emngceleni kuqulwa icala lakhe, okuyinto wamgwebela ukufa. Lokhu kufana isiphetho Louis ekupheleni kwenye ngesandla esiqinile, zama ukugcina oludala - Charles I eNgilandi.

French Revolution wahlala iminyaka eminingi futhi yaphela 1799, lapho emva Icebo lika liqala ukubusa, i umlawuli wokuvelela Napoleon Bonaparte. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba enze lokho, kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu lapho absolutism Wawugujelwani kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, baye iqale impi ngo-Paris. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Russian. Napoleon ushayile yonke coalitions, ngisho waqala ukuba angenele-Europe. Ekugcineni, yena wahlulwa, isizathu esiyinhloko okwakukhona ukwehluleka yayo Impi Ye-1812.

Ukuphela absolutism

Njengoba sekunama-uxolo eYurophu anqoba ukuphendula. Ngo uthi abaningi ivuselele absolutism. Uhlu emfushane kula mazwe zihlanganisa Russia, e-Austria-Hungary, Prussia. Phakathi nekhulu XIX, kwakukhona imizamo eziningana umphakathi ukuba simelane ngamandla autocratic. The enhle kakhulu kwaba inguquko pan-European ka-1848, lapho amanye amazwe baya ezivuna umthetho-sisekelo. Nokho absolutism ekugcineni Ngishoné lwanyamalala ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, lapho babhujiswa cishe yonke le mibuso yezwekazi (isiRashiya, Austria, isiJalimane kanye WaseTurkey).

Ukudilizwa simiso esidala kwaholela sokuhlanganiswa amalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko - inkolo, ukuvota, ubunikazi, njll Inkampani lithole iziyisikhombisa olusha lukahulumeni, ebaluleke kunazo zonke owawungumnyaka ukhetho ... Namhlanje ngo isayithi ayengaphansi ohlanga ngokuphelele kukhona isizwe-uthi nge isimiso sezombangazwe republic.