The main isitoreji medium eRussia lasendulo. Umlando abezindaba

Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, abantu uye wafuna ukuthola ulwazi. Kuyinto, okokuqala kunakho konke, kubangela umncintiswano nzima futhi ngezinye izikhathi kakhulu impela abanolaka zasendle. Ukunqoba, ukuthola injongo yaso endaweni enobutha, indoda waphoqeleka ukuba ziphenduke, ikakhulukazi ngokuhlakanipha. Phela, ngisho nalabo abamele lokuqala Homo sapiens e ebusweni AmaNeanderthal ayikwazanga ncintisana amandla nokushesha nge amahlosi saber-toothed nokudilikelwa namabhere. Kodwa indlela anaka onokwazi zanqwabelana? Uyini yenethiwekhi Imininingwane eRussia yasendulo ohlonishwayo ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye?

Kungani ukudluliswa isipiliyoni inzalo?

Abantu beveza amasu ngaphezulu namasu ihlakaze ibutho okungalawuleki izilwane. Nokho, lasendulo enqubeni ukuthuthukiswa futhi ibhekene enye inkinga - inzalo ka ukuqeqeshwa. Banikezwe iDemo kwesilinganiso sobude beminyaka yokuphila, ngezinye izikhathi ulwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho ukufa naye. Isizukulwane esisha isikufundile emaphutheni abo, hhayi ukukwazi ukusebenzisa noma isiphi ezigcina eRussia lasendulo nje ngokwesibonelo. Lokhu ingathiyeki kakhulu yonke inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njalo ebeka owesilisa sisonqenqemeni sokusinda.

Mhlawumbe kuyisifiso ukuze uthumele isipiliyoni kanye nolwazi lokuxoxela izizukulwane ezizayo, wathutha abalobi basendulo eqoshwe emadwaleni. Isikhathi esining impela lapho kuboniswa izigcawu wokuzingela, imithi engasebenzi kanye nodokotela abanobuqili nezinye amakilasi ewusizo wabokuqala. Kungaba wagomela ukuthi ngale ndlela bazama ukuthola abezindaba yemvelo endala. Phela, ezinye zazo sekudlule amakhulu eminyaka futhi ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le nkinga wokusindisa futhi ukudluliswa kwe-isipiliyoni buya ngokuya ezibalulekile. Ngemva efaka ulwazi abangu aqoqelwe ndawonye futhi safuna incazelo ngokuphelele ukudluliswa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo. Ngoba bonke ubuhle futhi incazelo ejulile petroglyphs ezicashile isenzo esithile, they nzonzobala ayizange iphumelele. Siphinde nesithakazelo ukubona ukuthi ukufundisa nokufunda eRussia lasendulo nje ngokwesibonelo.

Into okufanele ibhekwe Imininingwane?

Kungcono ukuthola ukuthi yini ulwazi njengoba enjalo. Ukushintsha imibono kanye izibalo ochwepheshe abaningi, ukunikeza le ncazelo: kuba iqoqo idatha abantu, imicimbi kanye izenzakalo, okuyinto akuxhomekile ngendlela isethulo. Uma sikhuluma okuqukethwe yasekhaya, ulwazi - ulwazi ukuthi umuntu uthola kusuka imvelo noma umphakathi.

Ngenxa yalokho yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yabonakala elilotshiwe imithombo, abagcini idatha zanqwabelana. abathwali Material - kukhona aqukethe isethi idatha yokudlulisela okwalandela bagxila isikhathi noma isikhala.

Ukutadisha abathwali impahla lasendulo sebefike esiphethweni sokuthi ngaphezulu kwakusesemlonyeni angaphatheki, t. E. abantu ukudlulisa ulwazi lwabo kuphela ifomu ngomlomo. Izinto ezenziwa abantu kulokhu kungathembeki ngokwedlulele.

Kubhala idokhumenti

Nakuba endulo sasingeyona umqondo ezinjalo "imibhalo", basuke imithombo ukuthi behlele izinsuku ebhalwe phansi. Ngakho, kuyini na?

Yiqiniso, namanye elula angabhekwa imibhalo petroglyphs, okuyizinto abavubukuli yesimanje. Ziyakwazi ntshashintshe ukuba ukudlulisela ukwaziswa ngezenzakalo ezenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Nokho laba izinto ezibonakalayo nokuthuthukiswa wabo wafika nge ukuvela lokubhala.

Kuvele iqiniso elithakazelisayo liwukuthi abantu ekuqaleni wazama ukubeka imibhalo yabo "elidala indlela usuphelelwe" emadwaleni. Mhlawumbe izivumelwano okhokho bathini mayelana nokwethenjelwa kwalesi indlela ukudluliswa kwedatha. Kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi akusiyo. Ngokungafani izibalo, nemibhalo yasendulo babe uhlamvu ngokuvamile incoherent, fake imali ngokushesha ngakho kwaluqeda noma ngaphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ubone into efana naleyo kulezizinsuku kunzima ngempela.

Clay - omdala isitoreji medium

Umlando abezindaba iqala, mhlawumbe, kusukela esikhathini lapho abantu baye bafunda ukurekhoda abakucabangayo amafomu ngaphezulu avikelwe. Njengoba lungenye yezinto itholakale kuqala ukwakha imibhalo yasendulo babe nobumba. Le nto elula kwatholakala abakhileyo yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo. Kwaba Sumerians yasungulwa ukunwaya emibhalweni yakhe ezibhebheni ezincane zobumba.

Le ndlela lokunikeza ulwazi has luhluke rock futhi udonga imidwebo. Futhi nakuba lokhu iskripthi ayikwazi ukuyibiza, yokuthi amanye amaphilisi ezisekhona kuze kube izinsuku zethu, kusho okuningi. With ukuthuthukiswa impucuko nesi kancane kancane abe eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinzima kuba ngokuphelele kanye amaphilisi. On lobumba fresh akulula ukudweba, futhi isibambo uhlamvu isitayela ekhethekile.

Ekupheleni impucuko wakhe, yamaSumer asendulo usebenzisa ezibhebheni zobumba izincwadi ezibhaliwe wonke futhi wadala umuntu umtapo yangempela. Abezindaba endala zemvelo, ukuqoqwa okuyinto yaziwa kithi njengoba emtatsheni inkosi yase-Asiriya-Ashurbanipal, kwakudingeka amaphilisi angaphezu kuka-30,000. Futhi uthi impela ukugeleza sina kolwazi, okuyinto agcinwayo abantu basendulo.

Kusukela ubumba metal - indlela namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva

Ukubhala okwamanje, bayanda athuthukile. Umbhalo evele amalebula, wakhula eside. Clay ungaphakathi ngezithako zawo yemvelo ngempela esindayo, kanjalo kwakuyisiphazamiso ukulondoloza opus Kunabantu abaningi basendulo.

Kwakudzingeka umkhumbi othwala okunye. Zazinjani abezindaba yemvelo eminingi yasendulo emlandweni wesintu? Ngemuva kwekutsi ema zobumba esetshenziswa ithambo ezingcono noma ipuleti metal. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala lawa madokhumende eGibhithe lasendulo. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi ngcono futhi kulayini ngokubhala ukuthi ubeke amapuleti. Ukuyinyathelisa alisetshenziswa a ishizolo, futhi zinendlela okubabayo ukuthi ukunwaya umbhalo oyifunayo.

Banikezwe compactness nokwethembeka abathwali idatha, ngezinye izikhathi ibekwe lonke inkondlo. AmaGreki asendulo, isibonelo, wabhala umyalezo wabo ezibhebheni phambili ke ukubenza ethuneni ukuze ukwazi ukuphinde Ehlubula imimoya emibi.

Lokhu emisha yathathwa neRoma sidilizwa. Ikhumbula jikelele izakhamuzi ukukhanyiselwa zombuso, akumangalisi ukuthi amapuleti enjalo yabhalwa cishe konke - kusuka ethanda nezinqumo, eyayibonakala enyatheliswa iSigele. Nokho, ngo-mBhalo, lokhu kwenziwa ithusi, okuyinto ke kuncike ababukisa ngakho. Nokho, ukukhiqizwa platelet kwaba kuhle kumbe eqolo, noma okwesikhathi baseRoma abacebile.

Wax - isixazululo aphansi yenethiwekhi

Zingcwecwe waqala ukwenza aphume wax. Isisekelo senziwa ngetshe lendlovu noma ngokhuni. Esimeni indentation ku front yayo wathela wax. Kwatholakala uhlobo ingane esebenza yesimanje esibukweni lapho ubhala futhi usule ithuluzi lokubhala elibukhali kulotshiwe uma kunesidingo. Singasho ukuthi ngale ndlela lihlobene abezindaba zasendulo nezanamuhla.

Uhlelo kwaphumelela kangangokuthi eyathatha iminyaka 1500. Futhi amaphilisi wax basetshenziswa okhokho bethu, owanibizela kubo tserami. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le ndlela isitoreji eRussia lasendulo ngokuvamile kakhulu esetshenziswa abathengisi Russian njengoba ezimali namafinobhuku. Kodwa kuyinto ukuhweba abantu tsery esilindele hhayi kuphela. amasevisi zomphakathi khiqiza them zimiso ukutolika. Ngokwesibonelo, kuze kube manje ifinyelele i XI leminyaka idokhumenti emangalisayo, sangomhla. Lalibizwa ngokuthi Novgorod Codex, futhi lalinabashumayeli Amakhasi amane.

Papyrus - iphepha endala

Ngeshwa, ngenxa izimo zezulu amaphilisi wax ngokuvamile bawela labhidlika. Ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala tsery bengeke bame sezulu esishisayo. Nakuba kwaba esiphathiswa eyinhloko Imininingwane eRussia lasendulo, abakhileyo eGibhithe uvele nge-papyrus. Yebo, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-ezibhebheni zobumba, lapho kudabuka khona lolu emisha kwaba eGibhithe.

Ukubukeka isazi-papyrus lokuqala uphola BC XXV leminyaka. I impahla eluhlaza womshini papyrus wakhonza njengephayona umhlanga, okuyinto lukhula ngobuningi loMfula iNayile. Ngu uqobo, papyrus lenziwa umnyombo isitshalo, okuyinto sibe yimichilo mncane futhi base bebeka ezedlulayo ngesikhathi itshe elikhulu futhi abushelelezi. Yena, wabekwa ngaphansi elangeni elishisa bhe waseGibhithe. Ngemuva omiswe, papyrus iphucuziwe scrapers ekhethekile ezenziwe ngetshe lendlovu. Ready-to-udle papyrus tape eside, futhi ngakho-ke mhlawumbe egcinwe emiqulwini.

Ngandlela-thile kamuva ukuxhuma amashidi steel encwadini. Papyrus kwaba sasivumela okwandile eGreece wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. Kodwa naphezu ukuthandwa lokhu yenethiwekhi Imininingwane wayesekhona alithembekile. Wayevame ziklebhukile, ashiswa, amanye isinkwa sayo uthuli. Nokho, eziningi imibhalo eyenziwe kuyi-papyrus kuze kube yilolu suku. Nokho, kuyinto kunalokho okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho.

Papyrus njengoba osebenzelana isitoreji Rus lasendulo cishe ayisetshenziswa. Okhokho bethu wakhetha izinto eziqinile ngesimo amaphilisi wax, bese ukukhonkotha.

isikhumba

Ngekhulu lesibili BC, abantu kahle ukukhiqizwa yesikhumba. Kungenzeka ukuthi libangelwa isimiso 'konke entsha -. Ukhohlwe kahle ubudala " Kodwa izikhumba zezilwane futhi zaqala ukusetshenziswa njengesisekelo ukukhiqizwa ikusasa esiphathiswa idatha. Umehluko omkhulu kusukela zebungu sasihlanganisa amandla ephakeme material. Thina ayisungula asePhergamu, futhi, ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi, awunika igama lokuthi umkhiqizo wabo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izindleko ezintsha wayemude kakhulu kunalelo-papyrus, izikhumba ngokuqinile nangekutetsemba yaxoshwa ukusetshenziswa mncane futhi ethambile mhlanga amapuleti. It senziwa kusuka untanned isikhumba esikhumbeni sesilwane, mhlawumbe imvu noma sezinkomo.

Esondele ukubukeka izinsuku isikhumba kusukela II ekhulwini BC. Ngokusho ososayensi, le nto bekulokhu zebungu ethandwa. Iqiniso lokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalesi yenethiwekhi Imininingwane eRussia lasendulo, kufakazelwa kwemibhalo eminingi yesandla, atikakwenti loku izinsuku zethu.

Nesikhumba kwaba sasivumela okusakazekile izwe lasendulo, kodwa ngenxa yezindleko eliphezulu ukukhiqizwa bonke abantu baqala ukubheka enye.

Birch amagxolo - isipho nemvelo

ERussia, lo isikhumba cishe hhayi kukhiqizwa kuze AD xv leminyaka. Zonke kwalethwa esuka phesheya, ngakho townsfolk wayengumuntu ayitholakali. Njengoba kunjalo nge ezibhebheni zobumba, abantu kancane kancane wafinyelela esiphethweni ongazisebenzisa ngokubhala esihlahleni. Akusona ukushuka sina, enkulu ekwakhekeni ngesitshalo sebungu, okungukuthi notch izinhlamvu anolaka phezu phambi kobuso lokhuni. Le ndlela iyehlisa izindleko yonke inqubo ukukhiqizwa futhi wenza "iphepha" umphakathi.

Indaba lobu buchwepheshe has kwaqala emazweni ashisayo babesuke. Kungaleso kukhona waya eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasemazweni Russia Lasendulo, kodwa ingasebenza modified ngcono. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa izinkuni ukukhiqizwa kolwazi abathwali waba nendima ebalulekile futhi juqu kumiswa yonke umkhakha ephepheni. Kodwa esikhathini esizayo.

Kusukela BC VIII leminyaka, amabhodi sokhuni asetshenziswa kabanzi eRussia lasendulo. Ngo womshini izinto zokubhala eRussia bayisebenzisa birch namagxolo. Yingakho igama banengeke ukuthi lokuqala efika engqondweni yakho uma they buza: "? Yayiyini yenethiwekhi Imininingwane eRussia lasendulo" amagxolo Birch.

Ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqiza ephawulekayo elula. Ngemva amalahle preforms abangu esusa kusukela birch namagxolo ungqimba kwangaphakathi, bese usika ngokucophelela onqenqemeni. Umphumela waba tape (roll), noma ngisho emaphethelweni isikwele.

imiqulu birchbark

Njengomthetho, birchbark egoqelwe lokusebenzisa imiqulu, lo itheksthi lebhaliwe wazithola ngaphandle yalo. Imibhalo isibambo lokuloba ekhethekile ezensimbi noma ithambo. Birch amagxolo yasetshenziswa eRussia yonke indawo. Ngenxa cheapness futhi kalula ukukhiqiza, zingabantu kufinyeleleke izingxenye ezahlukene sabantu.

induna ongumlimi kubo babe yizinkulungwane Census eshaweni, abathengisi waziphatha nokubika kanye nenqubomgomo ayaboniswa birch namagxolo ngentando yayo. Ngisho bakhiqiza incwadi encane amagxolo birch abethela phakathi amapuleti. izibonelo eyayisekhona izinhlamvu birch-amagxolo Uyi laba ubufakazi obucacile bokuba kanjani yayisetshenziswa inqwaba. Ngokusho kwakhe echaza umlando ERussia yasendulo. Ezemfundo eRussia adinga ukuthola izitifiketi newekubhala, okuyinto ugcizelela ukubaluleka ukugcinwa kuphela ukudluliswa kolwazi.

Paper - esigabeni sokugcina

Izazi-mlando zithi le iphepha uvele China e-BC II leminyaka. Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo kungenxa kungathembeki futhi zibiza izindlela ezikhona yokudlulisela ulwazi ngesimo amaphilisi, sebungu isikhumba. Amasampula lokuqala imikhiqizo elenziwe amacimbi kasilika imifece onesici, kamuva leyo, baqala ukusebenzisa Hemp ezishukiwe.

Ngo 105 B.C .. e. master Chinese Cai Lun waqala ukukhiqiza iphepha kamalibhele wazalela endwangwini, zidwedwe, ukhuni umlotha futhi Hemp. Konke lokhu ixutshwa namanzi ifomu ekhethekile, bese yayivame ilanga. Ngemuva omiswe, inkosi eshelelayo ngokucophelela ketshezi okuholela ngamatshe ekhethekile. Ukusungulwa Cai Lun kwakuyinto kokuqala ngcono eminye lephepha. Ngo "ezinkampani" nesakhiwo sakhe izithako entsha kwanezelwa, okwenza iphepha ubudala okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi bushelelezi, kamuva kwaholela ukukhiqiza efektri yomugqa. Futhi umlando abezindaba isikhathi eside wayeka, kungashiwo ukuthi iphelile

Ekuqaleni ukukhiqizwa iphepha VII ekhulwini inkosi naseJapane. Futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-150 ngeke ukwazi Arabhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho iphepha ukusabalala kwakuhamba kancane. Lokhu kungenxa uhlobo avaliwe ezinye States Arab evela eYurophu. Nokho, ngenxa abaseSpain ukunqoba imfihlo kwaba futhi yasakazwa kulo eNtshonalanga Yurophu.