Inqubomgomo angaphandle China. Izimiso eziyisisekelo wezangaPhandle

China - omunye emazweni amadala kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukulondolozwa izindawo zabo - kuwumphumela amasiko eminyaka ubudala. China ka- inqubomgomo angaphandle esesikhundleni azifani, njalo uvikela izinzuzo zalo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngobuciko yakha ubudlelwane namazwe angomakhelwane. Namuhla, leli zwe is ngokuqiniseka abathi ubuholi emhlabeni, futhi Lwenziwe futhi sibonga inqubomgomo "entsha" angaphandle. Amazwe amathathu esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni -, eRussia-United States - okwamanje ungamandla ezibaluleke kakhulu geopolitical, futhi isikhundla China kule triad ubukeka obukholisayo kakhulu.

Umlando ubudlelwane China ngamazwe

Zeminyaka emithathu, China, umngcele namuhla sihlanganisa indawo zomlando ikhona njengenkampani amandla ezinkulu futhi ezibalulekile esifundeni. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho enkulukazi ukwakha nomakhelwane ehlukahlukene ukuzivikela esingaguquguquki nezinzuzo zazo siqu nekuticambela isicelo kunqubomgomo yesimanje angaphandle.

ubudlelwane International China kwesokunxele ifilosofi imaki wesizwe, ogxile kakhulu ubuConfucius. Ngokusho ukubukwa Chinese uJehova lutho kweqiniso ecabanga ngaphandle, ngakho kwamaZwe bebelokhu kubhekwa njengengxenye inqubomgomo sangaphakathi isimo. Esinye isici imiqondo wekuba sive e China Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, ngokusho imibono yabo, Celestial simi kuze kube phakade, ihlanganisa wonke. Ngakho-ke, China uyazicabangela ngokwayo uhlobo umbuso womhlaba wonke, "uMbuso Ephakathi." inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle of China kusekelwe isikhundla prime - Sinocentrism. Kulula ngokwanele ukuchaza ukunwetshwa asebenzayo of sababusi Chinese ezinkathini ezihlukahlukene emlandweni waleli zwe. Kulokhu, ababusi China obulokhu ukukholelwa njalo ukuthi umphumela okubaluleke kakhulu ukwedlula amandla, ngakho China isungule obukhethekile nomakhelwane bayo. Ukungena yayo kwamanye amazwe ngenxa umnotho nempucuko.

Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-19, leli zwe liye laba khona ngaphakathi imibono yasebukhosini Greater China, futhi ayehlasela European kuphela ophoqelelwe ushintsho Celestial izimiso of ubudlelwano bayo nomakhelwane balo nakwamanye amazwe. Ngo-1949, it watshumayela Yabantu Republic of China, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuphelelweni izinguquko eziphawulekayo inqubomgomo angaphandle. Nakuba China sezenhlalo limenyezelwe ukubambisana kwethu nazo zonke amazwe, kodwa kancane kancane kwaba khona ukwahlukana zomhlaba kwaba amakamu amabili, futhi izwe liye laba khona uphiko yayo sezenhlalo, kanye eSoviet Union. Eminyakeni 70 uhulumeni waseChina aguqula lokhu ukusatshalaliswa amabutho futhi wathi China ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu futhi amazwe Third World, nokuthi uMbuso Celestial neze ube ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu. Kodwa ngonyaka 80 th of "ezintathu imihlaba" umqondo lo waqala luntengantenge - ibonakala "bazihlela umbono" inqubomgomo angaphandle. Ukuqinisa-United States futhi imizamo yawo yokwakha izwe unipolar kwaletha siphi China uthi ngohlaka entsha omhlaba kanye nenkambo yayo entsha zamasu.

Inqubomgomo "entsha" angaphandle

Ngo-1982, uhulumeni wamemezela "China entsha" okukhona kumigomo nokuhlalisana ngokuthula nabo bonke amazwe emhlabeni. ubuholi wezwe ngobuciko sisungula kwamaZwe kohlaka imfundiso yalo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sokuhambisana izithakazelo zayo, kokubili kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuvelela kwezepolitiki-United States, abazizwa ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu kuphela ungakwazi zilawule oda ayo wonke. Akukona ivumelane China, futhi, ngomoya we-uhlamvu kazwelonke kanye namasiko zamanxusa, ubuholi wezwe ayitusi futhi siyashintsha amasu ayo. izinqubomgomo ngempumelelo kwezomnotho kanye ezifuywayo China ubonisa isimo ekuthuthukiseni kakhulu ngempumelelo ekuqa- kwelama-20 futhi lama-21. Kulelizwe akhuthalele kugwenywe ngokujoyina yimiphi amaqembu zomhlaba futhi ezama ukuvikela kuphela izithakazelo yezingxabano eziningi geopolitical. Kodwa nasekuqiniseni US ingcindezi ngezinye izikhathi yenza ubuholi wezwe ukuthatha izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene. EChina, kukhona ukwehlukana imiqondo ezifana imingcele yomphakathi futhi amasu. Okokuqala waqaphela njengoba engaguquki kanye inviolable, kanti isixuku esikhulu, eqinisweni, sibe mingcele. Kulomkhakha izithakazelo zezwe, futhi osebenza utholakala cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi wonke. Lendlela yekubala imingcele zamasu kanye isisekelo inqubomgomo angaphandle yesimanje Chinese.

GEOPOLITICS

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 le planethi emabhulohweni ngenkathi GEOPOLITICS, t. E. Kukhona khona ukwabiwa asebenzayo wemikhakha ithonya phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Futhi sidalule ukuhlomula kwabo hhayi nje kuphela ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu, kodwa futhi uthi elincane ungafuni ukuthi ube eluhlaza izinto neseleko emazweni athuthukile. Lokhu kuholela ezingxabanweni, kuhlanganise ahlomile nezinyunyana. isimo ngasinye ngifuna indlela nenzuzo kakhulu yentuthuko kanye nezenzo zakhe. Kule ndaba, asikwazanga ukushintsha nomgomo wezangaphandle we Yabantu Republic of China. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho besanda samanje Celestial yathola amandla eside kwezomnotho nakwezempi, evumela ukuthi ukumangalela isisindo enkulu e GEOPOLITICS. Okokuqala, China zaqala ukumelana ukugcinwa imodeli unipolar zomhlaba, wayengumuntu esivuna multipolarity, futhi ngakho, perforce, kufanele ubhekane ukungqubuzana kwezinhloso zenzuzo ne-United States. Nokho, China ngobuciko yakha umugqa sakhe zokuziphatha, okuyinto, njengenjwayelo, igxile sivikele izimfuno zawo zezomnotho yasekhaya. China ayizange ngqo wathi mayelana izimangalo ukuze ukuphakama kodwa kancane kancane ayeke ukuphishekela nokwanda kwalo "ephephile" zomhlaba.

Izimiso inqubomgomo angaphandle

China uthi umgomo wayo oyinhloko silondoloze ukuthula kulo lonke izwe, futhi zonke ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni jikelele. Izwe bekulokhu umsekeli nokuhlalisana ngokuthula nomakhelwane balo, futhi kuba Isimiso esiyisisekelo China ekubumbeni kwamaZwe. Ngo-1982, i-Charter kwavunyelwana kuleli zwe lapho izimiso eziyisisekelo Inqubomgomo China angaphandle. Kukhona kuphela 5:

- isimiso ukuhloniphana ubukhosi neyobuzwe;

- isimiso okungezona ubudlova;

- isimiso non-ukuphazamiseka ezindabeni zabanye uthi futhi okungezona ukuphazamiseka ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamazwe ngamazwe abo;

- isimiso ukulingana ubuhlobo;

- isimiso zomhlaba nazo zonke amazwe emhlabeni.

Kamuva, lezi Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo ziye eloba futhi kushintshwe ekuphenduleni Izimo zezwe ezishintshayo, nakuba essence yabo uhlala ingashintshiwe. Modern inqubomgomo angaphandle isu izitshela ukuthi China ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ayo ukuba kwenyuswe ukuthuthukiswa sezwe multipolar kanye ukuzinza komphakathi weentjhabatjhaba.

Isimo uthi isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi kanye nenhlonipho Emasiko futhi ilungelo abantu lekutimela endleleni. Celestial futhi ekuphikisaneni nazo zonke izinhlobo ubuphekula kakhulu kunomthelela ukudalwa umyalelo nje ezomnotho nezombusazwe zezwe. China izimisele ukusungulwa kobungane nobudlelwane futhi ezosiza nomakhelwane bakule ndawo, kanye nawo wonke amazwe emhlabeni.

Lezi Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo kuyisisekelo sesihlalo zezombusazwe China, kodwa kusifunda ngasinye lapho leli lizwe linazo izithakazelo geopolitical, basuke yaqaphela isu eqondile ukwakha ubudlelwano.

China US: partnership futhi baya

China nokuhlobana US nomlando omude futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lawa mazwe Kwase kuyisikhathi eside empini esicashile, okuyinto kuye kwahlotshaniswa ukumelana umbuso zamaKhomanisi of America kanye China ukusekela KMT. Ukunciphisa ukungezwani isiqala nje 70s kwekhulu lama-20, enobudlelwane phakathi United States futhi China elisungulwe 1979. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ibutho Chinese kwaba akulungele zikhathi zonke ukuvikela intshisekelo yezwe indawo esimweni kuhlasela American, okukholelwa Celestial ophikisana naye. Ngo-2001, i-US UNobhala woMbuso wathi bona uyakholelwa China akulona isitha, ambheke njengembangi kule ubudlelwane kwezomnotho, okwakusho ukuthi shintsho lwenqubomgomo. Melika awuzibe nokukhula ngokushesha komnotho Chinese ukwakha namandla alo ezempi. Ngo-2009, e-United States ngisho wasikisela inhloko China ukudala ngesakhiwo ekhethekile kwezomnotho nezombusazwe - G2, inyunyana amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali. Kodwa China wenqaba. Wayevame alivumelani inqubomgomo baseMelika futhi engafuni ukuthatha ingxenye umthwalo ke. Phakathi States njalo okwandisa ukuhweba volume, China ubelokhu sitshala imali US amafa, konke lokhu kuqinisa kuphela isidingo ukubambisana kwezombusazwe. Kodwa e-United States uzama ukuphoqelela China ngezikhathi isikhathi ukuziphatha kwabo zimo, lapho ubuholi China iyaphendula ukumelana abukhali. Ngakho-ke, ubuhlobo phakathi kwala mazwe amabili njalo ngokulingene phakathi ngxabano ngokubambisana. China uthi ulungele ukuba 'sizakhele ubungane' nge-US, kodwa akunakusetshenziswa ngeke sivumele ukuphazamiseka kwazo izinqubomgomo zabo. Ikakhulukazi, njalo isikhubekiso kuyinto isiphetho esiqhingini Taiwan.

China futhi Japan: ubudlelwane ongumakhelwane eyinkimbinkimbi

Ubudlelwano phakathi omakhelwane ezimbili zazivame ephelezelwa ukungezwani okukhulu futhi nethonya elinamandla nomunye. Nge umlando kula mazwe izimpi zikhona ezinkulu eziningana (wekhulu 7th, maphakathi nawo-20 ngekhulu le-19 ngasekupheleni futhi), okuyinto kwaba nemiphumela emibi. Ngo-1937, iJapane ihlasele China. Wanikeza ukwesekela okuqinile eJalimane nase-Italy. Ibutho Chinese kakhulu wawungaphansi Japanese, esangenza Japan ngokushesha uthwebule izindawo ezinkulu enyakatho ye-China. Namuhla, nemiphumela yempi ibonakala isithiyo ukusungulwa ngaphezulu kobungane nobudlelwane phakathi China ne Japan. Kodwa lezi zidlakela ezimbili kwezomnotho namuhla eduze kakhulu exhumene ukudayisa ubudlelwane, ukukhokhela ingxabano. Ngakho-ke, izwe ukuya Kuhlangana kancane kancane, ngisho noma eziningi eziphikisanayo ahlale kungalungiswanga. Ngokwesibonelo, i-China ne Japan angeke nivumelana izindawo inkinga eziningana, kuhlanganise i-Taiwan, okuyinto ayikuvumeli amazwe eduze kakhulu. Kodwa ekhulwini lama-21, ubudlelwane phakathi imidondoshiya kwezomnotho Asian ufudumele.

EChina naseRussia: ubungane nokubambisana

Amabili izwe elikhulu, esisogwini izwekazi efanayo, nje akakwazi ukuba uzame ukwakha ubungane. Umlando nokubambisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili iphindela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengamakhulu amane. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakuba nezikhathi ezahlukene, okuhle nokubi, kodwa kwakunzima uphazamisa ukuxhumana phakathi uthi, basuke eduze kakhulu okwakuthandelene. Ngo-1927, ubudlelwane esemthethweni phakathi Russia nase-China ziye kuphazamisekile iminyaka eminingi, kodwa lokho ngasekupheleni kwawo-30-yalolucwaningo yokuxhumana sebeqala alulame. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ukuze amandla China eza umholi lamaKhomanisi Mao Zedong iqala ukubambisana okukhulu phakathi eU.SSR China. Kodwa nge eza emandleni ubudlelwane uNikita Khrushchev Soviet ziwohloka, bese kuphela ngenxa yemizamo enkulu zamanxusa abayiphethe ukusungula. Nge kabusha ubudlelwane phakathi Russia nase eChina ukufudumala kakhulu, nakuba zikhona izingxabano phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-20 futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, China isibe umlingani ezibalulekile lwamasu Russia. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubudlelwane ukuhweba zithuthukiswa, okwandisa exchange of technology, kukhona izivumelwano zezombusazwe. Nakuba China, njengenjwayelo, ngokuyinhloko uqapha izithakazelo zabo futhi awuvikele laqonda, futhi ngezinye izikhathi Russia kufanele athambise isandla umakhelwane enkulu. Kodwa kokubili emazweni ekubonile ukubaluleka ngokubambisana kwabo, kuze kube manje, Russia nase-China - kukhona abangane abahle kakhulu, zezombusazwe nozakwethu kwezomnotho.

IChina neNdiya: lobambiswano Strategic

I ezimbili ezinkulu amazwe ase-Asia exhumene nangobuhlobo engu-2 ayizinkulungwane ezingaphezu kuka. Isigaba yesimanje lwaluqala 40s ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho u-India neyaziwayo China futhi ukusungula oxhumana zamanxusa. Phakathi kwamazwe, kukhona umngcele izingxabano ukuvimbela rapprochement kwezifunda. Nokho, kwezomnotho ubudlelwane India-China kuphela ngcono futhi enwetshiwe, okuyinto luhambisana nomthwalo ukufudumala othintana zezombusazwe. Kodwa China ihlala izibophezele isu layo futhi akuyona eliphansi in izikhundla ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu, enifeza ukwanda ethule, ikakhulukazi ezimakethe yeNdiya.

China naseNingizimu Melika

amandla anjalo ezinkulu efana China, has izinzuzo zalo siqu emhlabeni wonke. Futhi emkhakheni ithonya isimo akagcini omakhelwane noma ilingane ezingeni yezwe, kodwa futhi ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu. Ngakho, umgomo China angaphandle sihluke kakhulu ukuziphatha enkundleni ngamazwe yezinye ayizikhondlakhondla sekuyiminyaka usukumela phezulu afune iphuzu abavumelana ngalo le amazwe aseNingizimu Melika. Yonke lemi zamo lempumelelo. Ngokuvumelana inqubomgomo yayo China liphetha amazwe esifundeni, izivumelwano zokubambisana, futhi limatasa ekuthuthukiseni ukuhweba izibopho. amabhizinisi Chinese eNingizimu Melika elihlobene ne nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, izimboni zikagesi, uwoyela negesi, ukusungula ubudlelwano emkhakheni ukuhlola umkhathi futhi yezimoto.

China nase-Afrika

Inqubomgomo afanayo we uhulumeni waseChina ungaphakathi amazwe ase-Afrika. China lucwaningo ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu ukuthuthukiswa United of "abamnyama" zwekazi. Namuhla, inhloko-dolobha Chinese elikhona ezokumbiwa phansi, ezokukhiqiza, umkhakha amasosha nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nengqalasizinda ukukhiqizwa. China ithobela izinqubomgomo amafilosofi-free, kuvumelana nezimiso zabo ngenxa yenhlonipho kulamanye emasiko ngokubambisana. Ochwepheshe ukuthi utshalomali China e-Afrika namuhla ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi u ushintsho maqondana nokuphila kwezomnotho nezombusazwe esifundeni. Ithonya eYurophu nase-United States baya e-Afrika kancane kancane, futhi ngaleyo ndlela waqaphela injongo eyinhloko China - ezweni multipolar.

China nase-Asia

China yilona lizwe Asian, eziningi ukunakekela uthi angomakhelwane. Kulokhu, inqubomgomo angaphandle luqaliswe ukusebenza kushiwo izimiso eziyisisekelo. Ochwepheshe ukuthi uhulumeni waseChina unesithakazelo kakhulu endaweni enokuthula futhi ngokubambisana ne wonke amazwe I-Asia. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan - ke yisici ukunakekelwa okukhethekile e China. Kule ndawo kukhona eningi izinkinga, okuyinto saba sibi ne kokuwa kweSoviet Union, kodwa China uzama ukuxazulula lesi simo ukuze zihambelane nabo. wayephumelela kakhulu osekuzuziwe ekusungulweni ubudlelwane China ne Pakistan. Amazwe ngokuhlanganyela nokuthuthukisa uhlelo yenuzi, okuyinto wamesaba kakhulu e-United States futhi India. Namuhla, iChina sizongena ekwakhiweni ahlangene iphayiphi eChina lo mthombo wosizo.

China futhi North Korea

An umlingani ezibalulekile amasu ka China iyona umakhelwane - North Korea. ubuholi China asekelwe North Korea empini phakathi nekhulu lama-20 futhi njalo uzwakalise ukulungela yayo ukunikeza usizo, olufaka omunye wamasosha, noma nini lapho uzidinga. inqubomgomo China angaphandle njalo iqondiswe kuvikeleke izidingo zabo, ngifuna lapho sibhekene umlingani Korea okunokwethenjelwa eliseMpumalanga Ekude. Namuhla, China iyona ukuhweba umlingani elikhulu North Korea, ubudlelwane lamazwe bayatfutfuka omuhle. Ngoba kokubili emazweni ukubambisana esifundeni abaluleke kakhulu, ngakho anethemba omkhulu ngokubambisana.

izingxabano indawo

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo amakhono zamanxusa inqubomgomo China angaphandle libhekene ubuhlakani futhi kahle ezinhle ayicabangile, abakwazi ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga international. Leli zwe eziningi izindawo uphikise ukuthi izinkinga ubudlelwane namanye amazwe. Iphuzu obukhulu eChina kuyinto Taiwan. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 kobuholi ezimbili Ishayina ayikwazi ukuxazulula impikiswano yobukhosi. Abaholi balezi isiqhingi yonke le minyaka ukweseka uhulumeni wase-US, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula ingxabano. Enye inkinga Tibet unsolvable. China, ogama umngcele wamiswa ngo-1950, emva kwempi, wathi Tibet kuyingxenye China kusukela ngekhulu le-13. Kodwa nabaseTibet yomdabu ngaphansi kobuholi uDalai Lama bakholelwa ukuthi banelungelo ubukhosi. China has a inqubomgomo esiqinile maqondana AmaSeparatist futhi njengoba ikhambi lale nkinga is akulindelekile. Have izingxabano indawo nge-China ne-Turkestan, kusukela Inner Mongolia, Japan. Celestial kakhulu nomona indawo yabo nendlela akafuni athambise isandla. Ngenxa yalokho ngokuwa kweSoviet Union, China wakwazi ukuthola ingxenye insimu ka Tajikistan, Kazakhstan futhi Kyrgyzstan.