Izinguquko kaPetru 1: izimbangela, imiphumela, ngobuhle nangobubi bawo ukubaluleka ngemiphumela. Bobabili Imiphumela emihle nemibi of izinguquko kaPetru 1 kafushane

Imiphumela izinguquko kaPetru 1 - lokho kukunye nokuthi izimo ezinzima kakhulu futhi inkani kazwelonke wesayensi zomlando. Singasho ukuthi historiography esungulwe ngesikhathi kokuhlaziywa okuphambene umbusi wokuqala Russian. Ezinye embona njengoba wezinguquko Russia futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi udumo iinthombe umbuso kwemibuso yaseYurophu (polgali ngakho, ikakhulukazi, abameleli isiqondiso baseNtshonalanga), abanye, kunalokho, wagcizelela ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwakhe waphula izisekelo yendabuko ukuphila emphakathini Russian futhi kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise esinqunyiwe ukulahlekelwa ukuvelela kwawo njengesizwe (lokhu umbono owawuse, ngokukhethekile, abalobi imisinga zefilosofi we Slavophiles).

Ekuhlaziyeni IBhodi

Imiphumela izinguquko kaPetru 1, kumele kubhekwe umongo izici wokubusa kwakhe. Lezo ezineminyaka engu-Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuba umlando Russia, njengoba kwakunjalo ngesikhathi sokushintshela. UMbusi zalwa impi sokufinyelela wezwe noLwandle iBaltic futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwenziwe ekuguquleni lonke esimisweni sezenhlalo sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe. Nokho, ububi womsebenzi walo wawenziwe yokuthi wabonisa ukuguqulwa yakhe ukulindela ukuthi lezi kwakuyizinsuku izinyathelo zesikhashana ukuba kubuse lizwe phakathi nempi. Nokho, kamuva kwacaca ukuthi ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zesikhashana zazizinkulu, njengoba wake, ehlala isikhathi eside. Kodwa umbusi uthathe isinyathelo, ngakho ukukhuluma, ezisheshayo, ngakho imiphumela izinguquko kaPetru 1 wazibonakalisa ludale ngomqondo wokuthi ngokuvamile kakhulu yaphathwa ashesha izindlela zokuphatha, ngaphandle kucatshangelwa ngokucacile izindawo ezithile ukuthi iyashintsha.

Ingqikithi kugucuka

Zonke izilinganiso umbusi omusha zakhiwa ukuqinisekisa ekunqobeni Russia eMpini Northern Sweden sokufinyelela oLwandle iBaltic. Ngakho-ke, zonke izinyathelo abangu okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono ukuphathwa komphakathi kanye nokubusa. Kodwa inkosi nazo nesithakazelo yokuthi izwe liye kufakwe amazwe aseYurophu, njengoba ngiqonda ukuthi ikwazi ukungena olwandle nakanjani kuyoholela izinguquko isimo geopolitical isimo. Ngakho-ke, wayefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngandlela-thile nokulinganisa ezingeni yentuthuko yezwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Futhi imiphumela Petru 1 kule ndawo wezinguquko kungenziwa ngokuthi impikiswano, okungenani, izazi-mlando nabacwaningi kuhluke ukusebenza kwabo okuhlaziya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuboleka ekuphathweni, imisebenzi yokuphatha kanye namasiko kungenziwa ngokuthi yisinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni Europeanization umbuso, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bayashesha ngisho ezinye ukudideka kwaholela yokuthi kwezinkambiso Western wafunda kuphela stratum iwumngcingo yezikhulu. Isikhundla iningi labantu ayikashintshi.

Inani zezinguquko kwezombusazwe

Imiphumela izinguquko kaPetru 1 Ufinyeta kumele kumakwe ngale ndlela: Russia esekwazi ukungena oLwandle iBaltic, waba umbuso nombusi walo - kombusi, kwaba yingxenye amazwe aseYurophu futhi indima yokuhola enkundleni ngamazwe. Umphumela main kuyafana, yebo, ukuthi izwe lithole isimo entsha ngokuphelele, akumangalisi ukuthi inkosi yaya izinguquko ezinqala futhi ijule ezinjalo, wazi ukuthi isimo kufanele athuthukise indlela yayo, kodwa wanamathela yaseYurophu. Umbuzo wokuqala, kwakuwuhlelo ngokudalwa a sama omusha kanye nemithetho.

Kule ndawo, imiphumela izinguquko kaPetru 1 kafushane kufanele kuphawulwe kanje: ngokuvamile, uMbusi safinyelela yakhe. Layidalile uhlelo lokuphathwa ukuthi ngaphandle izinguquko ezinqala waqhubeka kwaze kwaba Februwari Revolution. Kuthiwa umbusi izinyathelo okuguqula umshini isimo babesendaweni futhi Kwakuseshwa ngesikhathi esifanele. Yiqiniso, ngokoqobo Russian kuletha mayelana nezinguquko ukuthi inake nokuqonda umbusi, lapho wethula ezintsha wakhe zokuphatha.

Imiphumela yizinguquko kwezomnotho

Imiphumela engakhi izinguquko kaPetru 1 futhi ayikwazi ehlisiwe. Ngemva kokuguquka kwenziwa ngezithukuthuku ukuxhashazwa anda sabantu, futhi kulokhu kuqhubeka kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi, eziqala siphetfo serfs lezikhulu, amasosha. Akungabazeki ukuthi imali eshisiwe empini abhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu zezomnotho nezenhlalo. Nokho, lo mbusi uthethe eziningi izinyathelo kwenyuswe ukuthuthukiswa emnothweni kazwelonke. Ngokwesibonelo, wakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha, waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni izitshalo, ukuthuthukiswa enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi. Wakhuthaza ukuhweba futhi ukuphila ezisemadolobheni, bazi ukuthi lokhu kwakuyoba kakhulu kuxhomeke ukuthekelisa futhi ukungenisa kwezimpahla.

Nokho, zonke lezi zinyathelo kwadingeka nobubi. Iqiniso liwukuthi, ngokukhuthaza nokuthuthukisa ukuhweba, umbusi ngesikhathi abathengisi efanayo ekhokhwa izintela ezimba eqolo. Manufactory nezitshalo esekelwe serf zabasebenzi: lezi kwakuxhunyaniswa wonke umzana, abakhileyo okuyinto zinamathele ukukhiqizwa.

ushintsho kwezenhlalo

Izinguquko kaPetru 1, imiphumela, imiphumela yalo empeleni ushintshe ukubukeka yezwe, kwathinta isakhiwo yomphakathi Russian ikota kwekhulu le-18 yesibili. Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi lapho ekugcineni-ke wathatha ijamo izingqimba ngokuyinhloko ngenxa "Uhlu Amazinga" odumile, okuyinto livikeleke the kufakwe kabusha izikhulu kanye servicemen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kwaba ukuphothulwa serfdom eRussia. Nokho, lezi zinguquko, abacwaningi abaningi musa bacabange ukuthi isimiso, bekholelwa ukuthi babe siwumphumela engokwemvelo esigabeni odlule yentuthuko. Abanye baphawula ukuthi izinguquko nomthelela elite umphakathi kanye abanye abantu ayikashintshi.

isiko

Izinguquko kaPetru 1, izizathu, imiphumela okuyinto okufanele kukhulunywe ngazo kwengcikitsi jikelele isimo zomlando kuleli zwe ngekota kwekhulu XVIII yesibili, mhlawumbe umthelela enhle kakhulu kwi uhlamvu yamasiko isimo. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zinguquko ziye zaba ibonakale iningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esethulweni wamasiko Western kanye nezinkambiso bendabuko indlela Russian zokuphila ihlukile kakhulu indlela yokuphila, okuyinto ejwayele ukuhola umphakathi phezu dlule zukulwane. Injongo eyinhloko yawo inqubomgomo kwamasiko kombusi kwaba isifiso hhayi kangaka ukuyiguqula izingubo, imithetho yokuziphatha yezikhulu, indlela yokwenza nezikhungo ngempumelelo European kwamasiko ekuphileni Russian futhi ngokoqobo.

Kodwa imiphumela eyinhloko izinguquko kaPetru 1 kule ndawo ayiyinhle, okungenani emashumini eminyaka yokuqala imisebenzi yayo kabusha. Imiphumela eyinhloko umthelela kakade phakathi nokubusa owamlandela, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi uCatherine II. Ngaphansi umbusi futhi wayengamela nemihlangano ngabethula kuya izikhungo kanye izinhlangano ungazange yimpumelelo njengoba ayengase afise ngayo. Wayefuna izicukuthwane wafunda, athola imfundo enhle, ngoba izwe kudingeka abasebenzi professional ukuthuthukisa endaweni yokuqala umkhakha kanye nomnotho. Nokho, iningi yezikhulu ayethanda ukuhola ukuphila okuvamile, futhi ambalwa wathatha ngempela kwekuhlela kabusha yenkosi kulesi siqondiso. Nokho lo okuthiwa amaphuphu isidleke Petrova kudlale indima enkulu emisebenzini izinguquko umbusi, futhi ngokuyinhloko ngenxa isizukulwane bazo bakhula, labo kamuva ezikhonjwe izinqubomgomo kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo lwamadoda alandela salowo mbusi.

Iphanorama lempi

Imiphumela, ukubaluleka izinguquko kaPetru 1 ekuguqulweni ibutho ayikwazi overestimated. Nguye owadala njalo ibutho Russian, okuyinto anqoba ezimpini abantu abakhaliphile ekhulwini XVIII. Yibutho imodeli European, okungase ancintisane amabutho kwamanye amazwe. Kunalokho kwalesi simiso esidala lo mbusi eziphoqelelwe ukuqasha uhlelo yekucasha empini. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi eziningi izinkantolo kwaba ukuletha impi inombolo ethile amasosha. Lolu uhlelo olusha sekuneminyaka isikhathi eside, kuze isigamu yesibili yekhulu XIX, lapho phakathi nokubusa u-Alexander II salandelwa simiso izinsizwa jikelele. Aphikelele izinguquko lempi lenkosi ibonisa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo ngalesi komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane zomlando uhambisane nezidingo wezwe.

Fleet ukubaluleka ukwakhiwa

Imiphumela izinguquko kaPetru 1, ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo okuyinto, mhlawumbe, ingahlukaniswa ngokulinganayo, ikakhulukazi icacile sphere lempi. Ngaphezu ukudalwa ibutho, umbusi udumo inhlangano ka unomphela Navy njalo, ngubani lolungenamaphutsa owayevelele kule minyaka besizukulwane seMpi Northern Sweden, lapho iwine uchungechunge ngokunqoba ezinkulu phezu kolwandle. Ngenxa imisebenzi yenkosi kabusha kulesi siqondiso, Russia baba emhlabeni ngamandla zasolwandle. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abazolandela ngokushesha yenkosi ukwakhiwa imikhumbi waba Nokho, okwesikhashana engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu XVIII, ikakhulukazi uma Ekaterina II, imikhumbi-Russian futhi lolungenamaphutsa owayevelele endaweni inani lezimpi. sokunconywa yenkosi itholakala yokuthi uye wayinakekela ukudalwa ngoxhaxha nge esizayo. Akagcinanga ukwakha umkhumbi izidingo ngokushesha, kodwa lenzelwe ukwenza Russia amandla zasolwandle, waphumelela.

Iqhaza zokubonisana

Imiphumela Emihle Yokwenza izinguquko kaPetru 1 itholakala lokuthi kwakuphakathi Russia yakhe ifinyelele ezingeni izingxoxo zamazwe onke, t. E. Ingabe kufike ukudlala indima yokuhola enkundleni ngamazwe. Siyabonga ekubuseni kwakhe, izwe yaba ilungu izenzakalo ngobukhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu ngamazwe, ngaphandle iqhaza layo ayizange iphumelele esisodwa Congress. Ngaphansi uMbusi wakha isiyingi sabantu, owabeka isisekelo Umthala bosomaqhinga Russian ngubani ngempumelelo emelelwa ezweni lethu enkundleni ngamazwe. Yilokho kanye ayebheke phambili kakhulu ezidingekayo, ngoba ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo, i-Russia uye wahlanganyela kuzo zonke izimpi zalelo enkulu eYurophu, futhi cishe zonke izingxabano ku yezwekazi ngandlela-thile kuthinta izithakazelo zayo. Kulesi simo, umcimbi wadala isidingo osomaqhinga onekhono futhi abafundile European. Futhi singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi zamanxusa sidaliwe nje phakathi neminyaka nokubusa koMbusi.

Inkinga ngokulandelana

Imiphumela Bobabili emihle nemibi of izinguquko kaPetru 1 singakwazi, mhlawumbe, ezohlukaniswa ngokulinganayo. On kochwepheshe ke ngenhla kodwa lapha kubalulekile ukusho ethile eyodwa enkulu, okuyinto umthelela elibuhlungu kakhulu phezu okwalandela kwezombusazwe wezwe. Iqiniso lokuthi, ngokuqondene elidumile ndaba Tsarevich Alexei inkosi wakhipha isimemezelo owawuthi nombusi ngokwakhe kwadingeka ukuba amise umuntu owayezothatha isikhundla. Nokho, uMbusi owayefa, futhi wayengazange wenza intando, nokuthi kamuva kwaholela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi isigodlo kombuso, okuyinto eyangithinta elibi hhayi nje ukuthuthukiswa yangaphakathi zezombusazwe yezwe, kodwa futhi ku isikhundla salo enkundleni ngamazwe. Ushintsho njalo lababusi avuke nokuwa amaqembu, Abasekeli lokhu noma lokhuya ikhandidethi isikhathi ngasinye kwaholela ushintsho inqubomgomo angaphandle nokuthuthukiswa yangaphakathi zombusazwe Yiqiniso. UPawulu kuphela mina ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII wagumbuqela esinqumweni ngokulandelana, kangangokuthi manje eyizibulo kaKesari ebusa waba indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi Russian.

iziphetho Jikelele

Ekuphetheni kumelwe kuthiwe imiphumela emihle, mhlawumbe kwakuseneziyaluyalu ezingaphezu kuka okungekuhle. Iqiniso lokuthi abaningi yezinguquko bakhe babehlezi alandelayo amabili eminyaka, futhi owamlandela akuthola kudingekile ukuhlala landelani inkambo yokungenisa wokubusa kwakhe, wathi imisebenzi kabusha uMbusi kwakuhambelana nokuka izidingo lizwe. Imiphumela izinguquko kaPetru 1, okumelelwe ithebula ngezansi, abonisa ukuthi izinyathelo yenkosi nesimanje zezwe ngokujulile, nakuba nje isuke ibangelwa izidingo lempi.

Ngakho, singasho ukuthi umsebenzi nokuguqulwa umbusi wokuqala Russian ngokuvamile kuhambisana nezidingo isikhathi sakhe, njengoba kufakazelwa yiqiniso kulondolozwe yezinguquko yayo emashumini eminyaka alandela.