Inhloko-dolobha ye-Asiriya: idolobha lapho ebizwa ngokuthi "umphandu wezingonyama", "Igazi City"

Umlando zezwe lasendulo kuyajabulisa. Isici esikhethekile iyona khona amabala amhlophe, okubalwe ngalo inzalo yemali kuphela ukufuthelana, abangela indiza okusheshayo fancy. Phakathi impucuko bokuqala Kuyaphawuleka Asiriya, etholakala ezindaweni eziningi eMesophothamiya, ngokwengxenye yayo enyakatho. Early dolobha yase-Asiriya - idolobha Ashur (noma-Asiriya), yaqanjwa unkulunkulu ophakeme kwase-Asiriya. Kusukela kuye igama esethiwa lona wonke umbuso.

Nasi umlando

Engxenyeni enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC lesibili Peninsula Okwe ngokucijile saba sibi kakhulu kwesimo sezulu. Kungenze izakhamuzi zakhona (izizwe zamaSemite) ukuthuthela umgwaqo befuna indawo ekahle yokuhlala. Aya Ezindaweni enyakatho nasempumalanga, bafika eziningi eMesophothamiya, lapho esezinzile izihlobo zabo abaseduze - the Akkadians.

One by one, bona eyasungulwa emizaneni, okuyinto ke baba ingxenye yombuso. Imizi esemqoka Ninevia steel, futhi kwase-Asiriya Arbela ukuthi xv ukuba. BC Zaba khona bebodwa, eceleni komunye nomunye.

Inhloko-dolobha yokuqala umAsiriya

Kukholakala ukuthi lomuzi Ashur, elaba isikhungo nezwe elincane, wahlanganyela ukuhweba. It lalibuswa abathengisi, futhi izinqumo ebalulekile emphakathini yabo. Yibo labo efika okokuqala e-Asia Minor, lapho wasungula amakoloni eziningana. Umbusi wezizwe, ukuze idolobha (ishshiakkum) unamandla okugcwele, futhi isihloko sakhe uzalwe. endaweni yayo ithonya kwaba yinkolo, okungukuthi, yena waba umpristi ophakeme + induna yebutho, ngisho kudlalwa sifeze indima yokuba inhloko woMkhandlu. Esikhathini eside kamuva, uMkhandlu kufakwe abantu eduze ishshiakkumu, okuyinto yaphenduka inkosi yangempela.

I XXIII e. BC esifundeni (dolobha yase-Asiriya kanye) wafika sekubusa umbuso yase-Akkad, futhi ngemva ukunqoba kwakhe abantu Kuti ithola uzibuse. Namuhla sibona emanxiweni balona zomuzi omkhulu 260 km kusuka eBaghdad.

Okunye kwasezindaweni

• Dur-Sharrukin. Nakuba edolobheni - hhayi inhloko-dolobha yokuqala e-Asiriya, wadlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi. Kutholwe amahora amathathu kude iNineve, kunguye yokuhlala yenkosi yesibili. Lesi sivumelwano yasungulwa ngo uSarigoni II ngo 711 BC Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad namuhla) esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe Izindonga ezinkulu, futhi ngaphakathi has a isigodlo enkulukazi amakamelo anamakhulu mabini. Kutholakele umhlobiso ocebile sculptural okwamanje agcinwe ngesikhathi Louvre (Paris).
• Amanxiwa eNimrud (Kalha) namuhla e-Iraq eduze nedolobha laseMosul. Settlement kusekelwe uShalimaneseri I BC XIII khulu leminyaka, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emine yokuqeqeshelwa u-Ashurnasirpal II wawenza inhloko-dolobha yakhe. Esikhathini eside kamuva, edolobheni libhujiswa amabutho amaMede lamaKaledi. Lapha owayemi Isigodlo esihle, azungezwe izindonga kanye nezakhiwo. Phakathi ekumbeni atholakele eziqoshiwe izidalwa zenganekwane, imifanekiso eminingi, ezitsheni, ubumba amapuleti ne we-cuneiform. Ngeshwa, ngesikhathi impi Iraq, umuzi wasendulo yabhidlika kabana.

okusongela iNineve

Lona omunye dolobha yase-Asiriya. City ngokuthi "umhume wezingonyama," "Igazi komuzi." Akayena yayiseduze Mosul yesimanje (Iraq) ku ibhange kwesokunxele iTigrisi - emagqumeni Kuyunjik. igama Its ajwayelekile kubo bonke amagama avela eBhayibhelini. Njengoba izazi-mlando zithi, iNineve yasungulwa cishe phakathi lesihlanu yeminyaka BC Idolobha eliyinhloko kwenzile Sennahirib nendodana yakhe Ashurbanipal.

Phakathi nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo, iNineve welulela ngomfula i-ibanga elingamakhilomitha amane, futhi emgwaqweni main has a ububanzi 26 amamitha. Dolobha yase-Asiriya, obonisa plan esicacile futhi esiqinile, okwakubekelwa sebekubeke sinqatshiwe nokwephula.

Kodwa futhi settlement enamandla linqotshwa. Dolobha yase-Asiriya - iNineve - libhujiswa abaseBhabhiloni nge yamaMede. Enambiwa kuwo emanxiweni, abavubukuli baye bathola izinsalela Kuyundzhikskoy abadumile Library yasebukhosini, okuyinto iyisonto cishe izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu ezibhebheni zobumba. Futhi wathola polychrome zobumba, izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu lethusi, imifanekiso kanye eziqoshiwe eziningi esangweni abagcini - yezinkunzi ezinamaphiko namabhubesi.

Ukubukeka edolobheni

Dolobha yase-Asiriya, ezikhathini zasendulo kwakuwukuthi settlement encane. Kodwa ngezikhathi zeBhayibheli, lapho uNkulunkulu ethumela uJona ukuba aye eNineve, ukuthi kwakuyindlela unprecedentedly omkhulu. Umsunguli wawo ubhekwa indodana yeNkosi uSarigoni uSaneheribi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza le nhloko-dolobha yakhe futhi ahlale ngendlela enkulu.

Dolobha yase-Asiriya - "izingonyama umphandu" - esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe ngodonga omkhulu ubude amakhilomitha nambili. Laliqhele amasango mayelana nanhlanu. Amanzi engena emzini ngokusebenzisa ububanzi isiteshi kwamamitha 20 ubude kuka 50 km, elalilisha ngalesosikhathi singena emhubheni, bese umsele. Umbusi wayephana ne-canal abakhi, njengoba wafakaza yi-mibhalo.

Dolobha yase-Asiriya - idolobha iNineve - ehlala abantu 170.000! selilonke wayo ifinyelela km 150. Ngaphakathi kulendawo kwakungamadodana zasebukhosini namathempeli, kodwa futhi amadlelo, amasimu ezithelo hhayi kuphela. Tsar emgwaqweni waphuphuma asphalt, waba ehlotshiswe eziqoshiwe nezinhlu kwadingeka ububanzi enkulu kunemicebo saseNevsky Prospekt Petersburg namuhla.

Ukuwa kwe-umuzi omkhulu

Kodwa inhloko-dolobha yase-Asiriya lalizobhujiswa. City ngokuthi "umhume wezingonyama," "Igazi komuzi" futhi abahlala khona - abantu uyaziqhenya futhi unonya. IBhayibheli waprofetha ngembubhiso yaseNineve ukuguqulwa ehlane. Kodwa ukuvinjezelwa lokuqala amaMede ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ashurbanipal wasinda. Ukuphela amandla umbuso-Asiriya weza lapho abantu benqoba ngamandla wafuna ukuba balahle ijoka.

Ngo 614, i-Ofisi yaseBhabhiloni noMbutho amaMede wawuvimbezela umuzi. izakhamuzi zakhona banikwa wenqaba kufaneleka, kodwa amabutho ukungalingani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlaseli waqhubeka iqhinga: bahamba bayocekela phansi edamini, enika Tiger ithuba ukuphuma usebe lwawo uhlambulule ingxenye izindonga. Abahlaseli baphanga leli dolobha kanye enkulu futhi bawubhubhisa kwaze kwaba phansi emhlabathini. Kuphela phakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye, iNineve, ibuyise ekuqothulweni ngenxa yemizamo ye umvubukuli Genri Leyyarda Aston.

Mark kumlando

Nakuba dolobha yase-Asiriya lasendulo labhujiswa, wokugubha ukufa wonke umbuso, kodwa lokho akusho ulahleke labyrinths yomlando. Ukukhuluma nabantu bayo manje bese avele Amakhasi yezindaba zemihla ngemihla kamuva, okungukuthi ukukhipha ezingavamile ngesayensi.

Abase-Asiriya asibhubhi, ayizange yamukeleke, futhi umhlalaphansi ezintabeni ezingafinyeleleki ka Kurdistan, lapho baqhubeka khona ukulandela imithetho namasiko waboyisemkhulu. Imibhalo Eqoshiwe izikhathi kaDariyu ngiphakamisa ukuthi lapho kwakhiwa esigodlweni yasetshenziselwa umsedari alethwe eLebanoni ngabase-Asiriya. abalobi Arab Ephakathi bathi abantu lasendulo ukuqhubeka siphila ezweni labo. A ukugcotshwa ka eSontweni Lase-Armenia e Mosul futhi manje esibizwa umAsiriya. Ngenyanga yokuqala yonyaka ugubha Usuku baseNineve nge ukunqoba okungakaze ububanzi. Njengoba siyinzalo ka--Asiriya ligcine okusheshayo ekhethekile, njengombana kwenza u-wawoyise. Futhi ugqoke izigqoko oyindilinga eyenziwe wawungathi, nobubanzi unwele sika njengalezo nokuboniswe lasendulo bas-imifanekiso. Futhi lezi zigqoko kwakungewona evamile ikuphi eMpumalanga.

esikhundleni isiphetho

IBhayibheli isitshela indaba idolobha abampofu, okuyinto, efana yaseBhabhiloni, acwiliswe isono nokuzithawala. Yingakho wabulawa ngendlela efanayo njengoba kwakubikezelwe. Kodwa mlando nabavubukuli zembula kuhlukile - settlement ngokumangalisayo enkulu ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukuhlela wecebo ezicatshangwe kahle. ingcebo yayo ayikwazanga behluleka ukuheha nezinye izifundazwe, okuyinto kuphela ngaqina emzimbeni futhi kudingeka imali. Yingakho ushintsho koMbuso Wase-Asiriya weza ukuba kuhanjelwe amanye amadolobha ukuthi abangazazi phansi kunabaphostoli hhayi kuphela eNineve, kodwa eNimrud futhi kwase-Asiriya.