Chitin - kuyini? Isicelo chitin

Uma ucabanga ukuthi isikhonyane zidliwa kuphela eMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi kwamanye amazwe e-Afrika, wena benza iphutha elikhulu. Izitsha ezivela izinambuzane, eqinisweni, njalo ukudla kwethu. Kukholakala ukuthi ziwusizo kakhulu. Sekungamashumi eminyaka chitin likhona Ukwakheka ukudla, izimonyo, nemithi.

Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka ngentambo kuhlinzwa futhi amabhandeshi iminyaka eminingi ukungezwa ketshezi noma lisetshenziswe womshini nemikhiqizo yabo. I-Japanese waqala ukwenza kuqala. imfashini Exotic kubo wacosha nge amaMelika nabantu baseYurophu. Manje abaseRussia baye bahlanganyela kule ketshezi.

Chitin: ukuthi kuyini

Uyini umnyombo okukhulunywa? Asivume. Labo kithi abangekho truant ngo izifundo esikoleni biology, yebo, ujwayelene kule ndaba, njengoba chitin. Ukuthi kuyini, yaziwa abaningi. Lezi zincwadi ziqukethe isikhuphashe. Nokho, akubona kuphela lezi zilwane abe khona. Chitin liyingxenye exoskeleton ka eyisinambuzane: izinambuzane (izimvemvane, mabhungane) ne-shellfish (lobster, izimfanzi, crab).

Le into, ngaphezu, liyatholakala nasemiBhalweni odongeni cell isikhunta futhi nembiliso. Futhi ulwelwe - kungukuthi bancishwa izitshalo zabo. Chitin naye ulwelwesi lwawo oluqinile.

isakhiwo Chitin, isakhiwo we ketshezi

Ulwazi mayelana izakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo cellulose (omele obaluleke kunayo polysaccharide okungukuthi ingxenye enkulu isakhi izitshalo) namuhla okwethulwa izincwadi ifomu kufinyeleleke. Nokho, ulwazi ngalokho isakhiwo chitin, lincane kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, yiso ngesisekelo nohlaka lwamathambo, olusekela isakhiwo cell ukwakha Indwangu ku cuticle izinambuzane, amagobolondo crustacean, udonga cell amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta. Yini izakhiwo chitinous e izinambuzane kanye ezinamagobolondo ubulukhuni esingokwemvelo, ngenxa ukwakheka ethize chitin-carbonate eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ubonakala ngenxa sebethule izinto nge-calcium carbonate zisithakazelise, okuyinto uba uhlobo-matrix wezinto ezingaphili.

Kukhona ezinye ukufana phakathi kwalezi zinto isakhiwo cellulose futhi chitin. Nokho, ngokungafani, substituent lokuqala chitin ngesikhathi 2nd carbon athomu kuba aphansi iyunithi acetamide iqembu. Ngo-cellulose, indima efanayo eyadlalwa hydroxyl. Macromolecules chitin bomdabu (ngamanye amazwi, zemvelo) ngaleyo ndlela ngokuvamile aqukethe eziningi units khulula amaqembu acid eyinhloko.

izakhiwo ewusizo chitin

Le into is kungezwe ukuze uthuthukise iphunga ukunambitheka kokudla, ngcono ukubukeka kwayo, noma isetshenziswa njengoba uyalondoloza. Kukhona Izithako zokudla lapho kuqukethwe. Ukwakheka chitin wukuthi yalolu ketshezi has ayelapha. Inzuzo kunenkolelo ukuba kanje:

• It sivimbela ukukhula zamangqamuzana omdlavuza;
• Kuvikela umzimba wethu kusuka ngemiphumela yokukhishwa kwemisebe;
• kuthuthukisa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela;
• It kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa yokufa uhlangothi nokumelwa yinhliziyo, njengoba kwandisa imiphumela yemithi mncane igazi;
• It nobunzima ezihlukahlukene izinqubo ukuvuvukala;
• Ukugaya kuthuthukisa (kunciphisa asidi esiswini, futhi ikhuthaza ukukhula bifidobacteria nenzuzo);
• igcina ezingeni eliphansi cholesterol egazini lethu, kuyasiza ukukhuluphala kanye isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi;
• ngesivinini izinqubo kwezicubu ukulungisa.

Into ewusizo kakhulu chitin. Kuyini futhi iziphi ngezici zawo zokwelapha, kuyoba kuhle ukukhumbula.

Indlela evamile iwukuthi chitin ngokwemvelo

Sitholakala imvelo kaningi impela. Ngakho kangangokuba has yokudlanga esibili aphakeme of udaba eziphilayo (ngowokuqala kungokwalabo uginindela). Ososayensi abaningana abakholelwa ngisho nokuthi isintu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze izoya kuphela chitin Ukudla. Ngokwesibonelo, Sam Hudson, uprofesa polymer amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, muva nje libike ukuthi ngesikhathi samanje, abacwaningi sekungaphezu wokuvula "umhlaba omusha", lapho inani imikhiqizo ukuthi ingatholakala chitin, akupheli.

Umlando omncane

Sitshele ngakho konke kwaqala kanjani maqondana into ezifana chitin. Yini-ke ingabe wafunda ekhulwini le-19. Emuva ngo-1811, uProfesa Genri Brakonno, umqondisi elise Nancy (France), i-Botanical Garden waqala ukuphenya chemical ukubunjwa amakhowe. Ukunakwa usosayensi bakhangwa izidakamizwa engavamile. Sulfuric acid wayengakwazi chaza ke. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-chitin. Ngemva kwesikhashana kwaba sobala ukuthi biopolymer akhethiwe ososayensi waseFrance, likhona yini kuphela isikhunta. Watholwa ku elytra izinambuzane.

Chitin, izakhiwo zazo namanje insufficiently wafunda, lalimisa okuthiwa ngo-1823. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi YesiGreki "chitin" kusho "izingubo '. Ososayensi eyakhululwa 1859 kusuka amaprotheni ne-calcium, waphuma ke kwenziwe into entsha. Lalibizwa ngokuthi chitosan. Le into Kuyathakazelisa nakakhulu kuneyokuqala. Owenza usebenze umsebenzi yeselula, ilungise uketshezi hormone futhi ethukile ukuzithiba, ukukhuthaza ukusebenza okunempilo lomzimba wokuphila, njengoba kwaboniswa yindlela ucwaningo lwamuva. Futhi lezi kumane ezinye impahla yayo ewusizo. Nokho, chitin, phela okwatholwa kokuqala akekho wayenesithakazelo iminyaka eyikhulu, ngaphandle ongoti emincane.

Kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba akwazi ukuthola ukuthi kuzuzisa kanjani impilo yalezi izinto. Nokho, abantu namanje kakhulu kudala baqala ukudla eyisinambuzane futhi, ngokufanelekile, chitin ezilwaneni.

Mayelana emingaki babedla izinambuzane

Ngisho encwadini kaLevitikusi iBhayibheli litholakala izinkomba izinambuzane "ongcolile" nelithi "ukuhlanzeka", ukuthi kufanelekile futhi engafanele ukudliwa abantu. Ngu "ukuhlanzeka", isibonelo, zihlanganisa izinkumbi isikhonyane. UJohane uMbhapathizi ehlane, ukudla edla izinkumbi nezinyosi zasendle. UHerodotus, isazi-mlando esingumGreki, okukhulunywe ngaye ukuthi Afrika ukubamba lezi zinambuzane. Babe omisiwe elangeni isikhonyane, wathela ubisi wakhe futhi badle. Kukholakala ukuthi yisikhonyane uju akazange bangafuni ngisho amaRoma asendulo. Futhi ngomfazi Mohammed, umsunguli Islam, wathumela wonke emathileyi la mabhungane njengesipho umkakhe.

Ngesikhathi inkantolo Montezuma, umbusi Indian, ngesikhathi sedina amaqembu wakhonza izintuthwane abilisiwe. Alfred Brehm, umhloli wamazwe futhi owayeyisazi sesayensi yezilwane abadumile, encwadini yakhe esihloko sithi "Life Animal" wabhala mayelana lokuthi abakhileyo Sudan ukubamba umuhlwa bayidle ubumnandi.

okujabulisa Wanamuhla eyisinambuzane

Deli uthando izinambuzane ezigcinwe amazwe amaningi namuhla. EMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika e-ezimakethe zase futhi ezitolo ezithengisa isikhonyane, e ezibizayo zokudlela imenyu njalo kuhlanganisa izitsha kuwo. EPhilippines it is ongakhetha eziningi ukupheka izinyendle ezaziwayo. EMexico, udle izintethe neziphazamiso, skunks. Ngo Thailand, lacquer kanye izibungu mabhungane, futhi ojekamanzi, amacimbi kanye izinyendle.

ukudla chitin

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 necebo Ukudla izinambuzane. Vincent Holt, isazi semvelo English wamazwe, waqala ukubiza, kunokusebenza inyama-ukudla nokudla imifino ukuze entomophags (okuthiwa izinambuzane ukudla). Holt, engazi ukuthi chitin futhi chitosan ozdoravlivayusche isenzo emzimbeni, wabhala ukuthi njengoba umthombo izakhi izinambuzane isala ihlanzeke kakhulu futhi kunempilo kunamanye izilwane. Phela, nabo ngokwabo ukudla imifino kuphela.

Umsoco izinambuzane

Ngingathola ngokwanele lwezilokazane? Kwenza kube nzima, kodwa kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi uma sikhumbula ukuthi anezakhi ngokuyisimangaliso chitin. Ukusetshenziswa yokudla konke kuhamba kahle, uma okungenani isilinganiso olunzima kangakanani udinga ukubamba izintethe, nomswani mabhungane, izinyosi nomuhlwa, isamba sazo isisindo sabo kwaba amagremu 100. Umsoco amagremu 100 izinambuzane elandelayo.

• Izintethe uzokunika 20.6 protein ne 6.1 g fat.
• Dung ibhungane - 17.2 g amaprotheni kanye 3.8 g fat.
• Zingomiswa - 14.2 g yama-protein 2.2g amafutha.
• Izinyosi iqukethe 13.4 g yama-protein 1.4g amafutha.

Ukuze uqhathanise, a yenkomo - 23.5 g amaprotheni futhi 21.2 amagremu of fat.

Nokho entomophagy uhlala, nokho, ezingavamile. Esikhathini sethu, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla okwelapha chitin noma chitosan, akudingekile ukuba adle scarabs namaphela, zokunqoba fastidiousness. Ukuze wenze lokhu, mane nje uya esitolo bese ukhetha into yokudla.

Ucwaningo olwenziwa ezweni lethu

Le mfundiso eyasungulwa ethi ka chitin yaqale wadala eSoviet Union eminyakeni 1960. Lesi sidakamizwa kufanele abe nesandla Ukuvikelwa ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene. Ukuthuthukisa izidakamizwa esisha oluthathwa ngamasosha. Ukwakheka lendlela ifihliwe ngisho kusukela odokotela. Ngemva uchungechunge ukulinga izinkawu, izinja kanye amagundane, ke waboniswa ukuthi izidakamizwa kuyabasiza ukusinda ngisho nangemva ababezitholile umthamo ebulalayo yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi izinzuzo imithi chitin babe ngabantu. izakhiwo zabo nazo akunqunyelwe umphumela radioprotective eyodwa kuphela.

Ngathola ukuthi chitin nemikhiqizo yalo bakwazi ukubhekana abanomzimba ongezwani nezinto ezithile, umdlavuza, isifo wamathumbu, umfutho ophakeme wegazi nakwezinye izindawo ezifuze lezo. D. Chitin ukufakwa Ukwedlula ezandisa okuyisikhathi isinyathelo nezinye izidakamizwa.

nocwaningo lwanamuhla

Futhi namhlanje iyaqhubeka locwaningo chitosan futhi chitin. ERussia, zingabantu ososayensi uzihlanganisa abangamalungu Russian Chitin Society, owasungulwa ngo-2000. Kuhlanganisa hhayi nje kuphela lezo abacwaningi ofundelwa lezi zinto ngqo, kodwa futhi abameleli kwamanye amagatsha yesayensi, kanye nezolimo, imithi kanye nezimboni. Kuhle hitinologam Western ukhishwa umklomelo okhethekile Brakonnovskaya. It lethiwa behlonipha Bracon, owayeyilungu iphayona chitin. Ezweni lethu umklomelo onjalo yaqanjwa uPawulu Shorygina. Lokhu academician kuyinto Umthandi womculo zocwaningo chitin.