Amazwe Uwoyela-timbiwa: Umlando kanye yesimanjemanje

amazwe Uwoyela-timbiwa abekade umlando kwezomnotho isikhathi eside. Kukholakala ukuthi eminyakeni 80-90 yekhulu le-19 European imikhiqizo emakethe petroleum zabe sezithunyelwa zisuka US (kahle Pennsylvania, wavula ngo 1859) neRussia (enkundleni yonke iNhlonhlo Absheron, ekuqaleni nokuthuthuka 1848).

kusuka emlandweni

On ukuthuthukiswa Baku, lapho isimo kokuthola iholo, ngo-1875 abazalwane kaNobel kufika nge capital ezinkulu Kwamiswa. Kwakukhona eyakhelwe namapayipi kawoyela, ukucutshungulwa izitshalo. emathangini avuzayo Kwamiswa, okwakukhona ukuthekelisa amafutha amanye amazwe (ngo-1877).

Asinakusho ukuthi izwe uwoyela-timbiwa ngenkathi kakhulu ncintisana each nye, njengoba uwoyela Russian ngesikhathi ethengisiwe 50% ngaphezu izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela America nase Peru (Lima). Ngo-1883, imakethe of the Empire, Russian yavalwa ngokuphelele imikhiqizo uwoyela US, futhi Hala ensimini waqala ukudlala, indima kwezomnotho kodwa futhi zezombusazwe hhayi kuphela.

ingxabano

Ngemva kokuqala isingeniso mass lamafutha imoto iba impahla kubaluleke kakhulu zokusetshenziswa for okuyinto vele amashumi eminyaka izimpi ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ezinkulu, amandla eqinile (US, eJalimane, eFrance, Japan, China) akudingeki yabo izinqolobane enkulukazi. Ngakho-ke, into zayo zempi ezombangazwe kukhona amazwe uwoyela-timbiwa nge imithombo yemvelo ocebile.

Umthelela ukukhiqizwa ku lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila

Isimo esidlule ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekutheni ubuhlobo bawo e-United States. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar kanye United Arab Emirates zichume, nakuba iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu kuphela edlule, ngaphambi kokutholakala izisetshenziswa ezibalulekile, kwaba isimo emuva kakhulu. Amafutha kanye negesi nokuthengiswa (ngokuyinhloko Japan US) ukuvumele ukudala sezulu omile Saudi Arabia emaphaketheni "epharadesi emhlabeni", ukukhulisa izinga lokuphila sabantu. Kulokhu, isakhiwo isabelomali imali wezwe kusukela ukudayiswa kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli akhawunti cishe 90%. E-Angola, lapho kukhona imithombo kawoyela, kunetinhlobo temazinga eliphezulu kakhulu sokukhula komnotho, kanye nokwethulwa kwe-ilungelo ukuthuthukiswa imali enkulu aphethwe eLondon naseNew York.

Abangathembeki ummeleli evelele lamazwe uwoyela-uthumela Western emhlabeni, kunalokho, angaphansi unswinyo kwezomnotho, ekuhlaselweni yizimpi (i-Iran, e-Iraq, Venezuela).

Ngaphezu kula mazwe, uwoyela abathuthi kukhona amazwe ezifana Algeria, Nigeria, eMexico, Canada, Norway, Russia nase-United Kingdom. Lesi sakamuva akanayo izinqolobane abalulekile ezihlukahlukene amaminerali, kodwa kwaba ukutholakala esitokisini esikhulu amalahle bese uwoyela (eNorth Sea) evumelekile England ukwakha izindawo zezimboni wokuqala.

Petroleum Ikhiphela Amazwe ibe nabayimele ezahlukene uwoyela. Kukholakala ukuthi elikhulu kubo basuke bagxila Venezuela (mayelana 21 amaphesenti), kulandele i-Saudi Arabia (mayelana 19 amaphesenti), Iran, e-Iraq kanye nabanye. Russian Federation kulolu hlu endaweni yesikhombisa ne-5%, kanti izinga edonsa yemvelo izinsiza libonisa ukuthi engamashumi amabili (nezwe ngesilinganiso samakhilomitha amathathu nanhlanu) isitoreji izidubedube kungenzeka kakhulu mpilo.