Uyini kanye nokuthekelisa namazwe angaphandle? Ikhiphela nokungenisa amazwe njenge-Indiya, China, elaseRussia nelase-Japan

ukuhweba International Ingabizwa kufanele ngokuthi ivuselela enamandla ukuthuthuka komnotho kanye nomphakathi lamazwe. Kuyasiza ukugxila lunye ithi phezu inzuzo kakhulu izimboni zabo kanye nezolimo, ngesisekelo ubuchwepheshe utshalomali esikhona, abantu kanye nemithombo yemvelo. isisekelo sayo theory kuwumbono oluyinzuzo ukuqhathanisa, etholakala ku Economist XVIII leminyaka IsiZulu Davidom Rikkardo e yakhe "Inquiry Nature and Izimbangela we Umcebo of Nations."

Umnotho wembulunga yonke kwenza asathuthuka ngokukhethekile ukukhiqizwa kwe engabizi futhi kamuva akhishelwe khona izimpahla namasevisi. Kulokhu sikhuluma izinzuzo isihlobo yezwe, okuvumela ukuba enze ezithile ezidayiswayo ngobuningi izinga kangcono.

Nge ezimakethe zangaphandle ezivela nokuthengiswa, amazwe bayakwazi esikhundleni ukukhiqizwa yabo eqolo sokungena bakwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ngoba kunciphisa izindleko isamba ukukhiqizwa ekukhuleni komnotho wezwe. Yileso ezakhayo indima enhle ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba ngenxa lwekutfutfukisa komnotho womhlaba. Export and yokungenisa yezwe, ngaleyo ndlela, ziyavumelana kakhudlwana futhi ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ezweni.

Ngo-mbono, State kungase kudingeke noma umnotho avaliwe lapho lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho kusebenza kuphela emakethe yasekhaya, nokungeniswa kanye nokukhishwa lumane noma evulekile. Ngokwazi njengoba wazi, umnotho kuleli zwe lanamuhla ezinjalo angaba khona luyingxenye ngemcondvo. Umnotho wangempela isimo ivuliwe, kukhona ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba asebenzayo. Lokhu kuvumela umnotho wembulunga ukuthatha ngokugcwele inzuzo besigaba ngamazwe zomsebenzi, sandla ekulenzeni libe namandla. imisebenzi yezomnotho Foreign kulawulwa isimo futhi inquma nokuthengiswa okunjalo futhi ukungena, okuyinto ukwandisa ukukhula imali kazwelonke, intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe.

Umnotho endlini futhi ongaphandle

Phakathi ukuthutha ezinkulu ezintathu: US, Germany kanye China. Isabelo sabo e ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba iyamangalisa. Kuyinto, ngokulandelana, 14.2%, 7.5% 6.7%.

Ekhuluma amathemba sokuthuthukiswa ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, kufanele kuphawulwe nethemba ingasheshi ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyoba khona ukwanda komsebenzi emazweni asathuthuka. Kuze kube manje, nengxenye anayo yohwebo emhlabeni kuyinto 34%, kodwa kulindeleke ukuba andise yayo ngo-10%. Futhi kule nalomsebenzi amazwe asathuthuka ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba kuzoba indima obucacile bokuthi amazwe CIS.

Kanjani kanye nokuthekelisa namazwe angaphandle?

Export ucingo ukudayiswa osonkontileka angaphandle kwezimpahla namasevisi ukusetshenziswa yabo kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho, ukungeniswa wabhekisela ukulethwa kwezimpahla nezinsiza ezivela phesheya osonkontileka angaphandle. Ukwenza kwabezizwe kwezomnotho, okungukuthi, ukungeniswa nokukhishelwa emazweni angaphandle, wenziwa kokubili nguMbuso uqobo kanye nezinhlangano zalo ibhizinisi.

Izinkomba degree of state ukuhileleka namanye amazwe kukhona ukuthekelisa futhi ukungenisa quota. I-quota ukuthekelisa - isilinganiso nokuthengiswa kwempahla namasevisi e-GDP. umqondo wayo sobala kwezomnotho: yini ingxenye GDP athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngokufanayo ichaze yokungenisa quota njengoba isilinganiso ukungeniswa izimpahla namasevisi e-GDP. Inhloso yayo - ukukhombisa isabelo ukungeniswa e asetshenziswe ezindlini.

Ngakho, izabelo ezingenhla zibonisa ukuthi Ingxenye timbiwa nokungenisa amazwe emisebenzini yezomnotho.

Ngaphezu value abo ngokuphelele, the evelele donor noma umamukeli nobunjalo isimo yomsebenzi wezomnotho angaphandle ephawula enye inkomba - ibhalansi ukuhweba. Lona umehluko phakathi yokuthekelisa inani ukungeniswa. ukungeniswa ezweni simele kusilela izinzuzo ekukhiqizeni izimpahla namasevisi. Izinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe futhi likhomba isimo reverse, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi ezenza Kubiza-ngempumelelo futhi ethembisa.

Uma umehluko phakathi ezithumela kwamanye amazwe kuyinto omuhle, munye ke likhuluma nebhalansi eyeqile namanye amazwe esimweni okuphambene - okungekuhle. Dynamic ukukhiqizwa bezikhali isimo sikhombisa nebhalansi eyeqile of angaphandle ukuhweba inzuzo. Njengoba singabona, ibhalansi sokungena wezwe kanye nokuthengiswa ungumhleli Isikhombisi esibalulekile indlela yokuthuthuka kwezomnotho.

Ukuvusa State of ukuthekelisa

Ngokuvamile, isimo eqala izindleko ukukhuthazwa nepahla ethunyelwa eenarheni zangaphandle. Kwenziwe amazwe amaningi izinzuzo intela abathuthi, ezifana imbuyiselo VAT. Ngokwesiko, ebaluleke kunayoyonke ukuthekelisa uxhaso imikhiqizo yezolimo. Emazweni athuthukile kungukuthi nje ngokusiza abalimi, onikeza ukuthenga okuqinisekisiwe yonke imikhiqizo yezolimo. Phambili yayo nokuthengiswa - zinkinga isimo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthekelisa ukukhuthazwa kanye kukunye kuholela ekwenteni ukungena anda. ESigabeni leSisemkhatsini exchange rate ithuluzi sivela lapha. Export uxhaso ukwandisa izinga lwemali kazwelonke, ngokulandelana, kuba inzuzo engaphezulu ukuthenga amazwe.

Lokho akubandakanyi kanye nokuthekelisa namazwe angaphandle?

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukugeleza izimpahla namasevisi okuhloswe phesheya noma ngenxa yokungabi ibalwa "vsploshnuyu", futhi ngaphandle emacembu latsite:

- izimpahla zokuthutha umphakathi;

- nokuthengiswa lesikhashana ukungena;

- olwathengwa non-abahlala ezweni noma kuthengiswe izakhamuzi hle ngokuhlala kwelinye izwe;

- ukudayiswa noma kuthengwe umhlaba obenziwa izakhamuzi ze-non-abahlali;

- izivakashi Property.

Umumo okhululekile futhi ubukhona besikhombi

It kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba States ukuhweba khulula Isimiso: ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo othize kumele kube, lapho izindleko zokukhiqiza sakugcina? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le ndlela kusinikeza isabelo kwemithombo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umncintiswano uphika abakhiqizi ukuba ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe babo.

Nokho, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhweba khulula akuyona njalo kuveza umnotho kazwelonke olinganiselayo ezweni ngalinye. Kunoma isiphi isimo uzama ngokuvumelanayo ukuthuthukisa umkhakha zabo, enqoba "kusimo" ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezithile. ukuhlobana ezisobala umkhakha abo ukuqinisekisa Imboni yezokuvikela, imboni entsha, umsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi lesi senzo sikahulumeni njalo ezilungisiwe isakhiwo ukuthekelisa futhi ukungenisa.

Kukhona indlela ukuvikela ka "ithuba izindleko" ngesimo quota yokufakelwa kanye nemisebenzi, sandla amanani ephakeme futhi ukungenisa eshibhile inzuzo. Ngenxa yokuthi izabelo futhi ngakhula tekuvikela yamanani intuthuko avumelanayo umnotho wezwe, akufanele futhi wathumba kubo.

Nokho, umkhuba wokusebenzisa "izimpi ukuhweba" kubonisa enye, izindlela ze-non-tariff wokunciphisa ukungeniswa: i enqabelo bureaucratic, isethulo eyayivela namazinga ikhwalithi, ekugcineni, zokuphatha ezilungisiwe amalayisense uhlelo.

inqubomgomo ukuhweba wezwe

Kuye ezingeni isilinganiso yokungenisa yamanani nemikhawulo ambalwa kuzwe ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezine Inqubomgomo ukuhweba.

Elivuliwe Inqubomgomo ukuhweba libhekene ezingeni kwezintela ukuhweba, ingeqi 10% ku engekho imingcele ecacile inani imikhiqizo amazwe. inqubomgomo ukuhweba Lokulingene okuhambelana ezingeni izimali okudayisa ka 10-25%, kanye nabanye ababengewona ama-tariff imikhawulo kwepahla 10-25% nenqwaba impahla. izinqubomgomo Eqine elinesimo abalulekile lengakhokhelwa ukuhweba Uhlaka kanye nemisebenzi - ezingeni 25-40%. Uma isimo kusala uhlose iyakwenqabela ukungenisa umkhiqizo, kulesi simo, izinga idlula 40%.

IsiZulu uphawu Inqubomgomo ukuhweba ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile kunazo - elikhulayo isisindo yayo eqondile zishukunyiswa isimo kanye nokuthekelisa namazwe angaphandle namasevisi.

Hlobo luni ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba libonisa eRussia?

umnotho waseRussia ezikhethekile, egxile ukwenziwa futhi ukuthekelisa uwoyela negesi. Loku kubangelwa amazwe aseNtshonalanga ikakhulu kufunwe imikhiqizo ye embonini yezimayini. Isakhiwo samanje ukuthekelisa futhi ukungenisa Russia Yiqiniso, akukhona ukuphela izwe, waphoqeleka - enkathini sezomnotho esimanzonzo emhlabeni. Wonke amazwe ezimweni ezinjena sibhekile ngakho ukuletha ukuncintisana bakwamanye amazwe.

"Ikhadi le-Trump" Russia kulesigaba kukhona nje uwoyela negesi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka futhi ngenxa izithiyo olubandlululayo, "zikleliswe" amazwe aseNtshonalanga yokukhipha imikhiqizo zobunjiniyela. Ngakho, isakhiwo lemikhiqizo yalolu hlobo, sengathi izwe emuva.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo IRussia umhlaba eside, amaminerali, ezamahlathi, nemibandela ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo. eziyinkimbinkimbi Military-zezimboni kudala ukuncintisana ngamazwe izikhali emakethe futhi nezempi. Okwamanje, i-Russia uyawuthanda lo mshini Ukuvikelwa ukuze ehlukahlukene umkhakha yayo futhi kuncishiswe ekuthembeleni yayo ku-trade imvelo. Export and yokungenisa of the Russian Federation, ukuze kuyodingeka ukushintsha ukumisa yayo.

On 22.08.2012, Russia waba ilungu WTO. Lokhu kuzobeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ke lotifunako ngesimo izinguquko amazinga imisebenzi amasiko kanye tariff quota. angaphandle ukuhweba inzuzo waseRussia ngoJanuwari-Juni 2013 404 600 000 000 USD (ngoba nenani lesikhathi esifanayo ngo-2012 - 406.8 amaRandi) .. Ukungeniswa zaba 150,5 amaRandi, kuyilapho nokuthengiswa - 253,9 dollar ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane.

Uma sithatha ku ulwazi lwe-akhawunti unyaka wonke 2013, maphakathi nonyaka wesibili zaphumela Russian namanye amazwe msebenzi ingasaphathwa ngempumelelo kakhulu kunesokuqala. Iqiniso yokugcina sabonakala ukwehla ibhalansi namanye amazwe inzuzo by kakhulu ngendlela 10.5%.

ukuthekelisa Russia

Ingqikithi yesisindo sezinto omkhiqizo othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe-Russian amafutha kanye energy imithombo akhawunti mayelana 74,9%. Isizathu sokuba ukwehla emazweni angaphandle ngonyaka odlule ngenxa izici eziningana. Russia kuyinto isithekelisi ezinkulu uwoyela negesi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi 75% uwoyela ongahluziwe athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe aziwa futhi% 25 kuphela ukunikeza eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho. Amafutha kanye negesi - imikhiqizo, intengo zazo ngaphansi emakethe iyehla iyenyuka. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi uwoyela Urals zithunyelwa ku 2013, iRussia yehlile intengo yayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka 2012 at 2,39%, umthamo isamba uwoyela nokuthengiswa kwehle ngo-1.7%. Futhi wathi obumbi eurozone futhi woku- WTO izindlela. ukwehla jikelele mkhuba namanye amazwe nyakenye kwakulandelwa ukwehla ukukhula GDP waseRussia kusuka 3.4% ngo-2012 kuya ku 1.3% ngo-2013. By endleleni, ngo isakhiwo GDP waseRussia uwoyela negesi-akhawunti ye-32-33%.

I share lemikhiqizo Russian of kwemishini kuyinto% 4.5 kuphela, okuyinto ayihambisani bezikhali umkhakha, noma ezingeni kwezesayensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isabelo kule ingxenye e yohwebo emhlabeni mazwe asethuthukile imayelana 40%.

yokungenisa Russia

Kuleli qophelo emlandweni Russia ngenxa umnotho sikhubazekile (okuyinto laligcwele ngenhla) has ukungenisa imikhiqizo ikakhulu esiphelele.

I share sokungena Russian of kwemishini emazweni CIS kuyinto 36.1%. Ngakho kulinganiswe kusilela zokukhiqiza siqu (isabelo kwemishini e-GDP Russia ngo-2013 kuyinto 3.5%). Lokubiza amazwe izinsimbi kanye nemikhiqizo yabo 16.8%, imikhiqizo ukudla kanye izithako ekukhiqizeni kwabo - 12.5% fuel - 7%, zendwangu nezicathulo - 7.2%, amakhemikhali imikhiqizo umkhakha - 7.5%.

Ngakho, ehlaziya ukungeniswa nokukhishelwa emazweni angaphandle yeRussia, sifika esiphethweni mayelana Ukwehla yokufakelwa sokugcwaliseka kwaso ezimbonini kanye nomphakathi. Kusobala ukuthi umthombo lesi simo kwesiyingi izithakazelo subjective ngabantu abathile.

ukuhweba Foreign Japan

Umnotho Izwe YeJapan - omunye athuthukile kakhulu futhi ashukumisayo emhlabeni. Export and yokungenisa Japanese ehlelekile futhi kuchazwe umnotho enamandla. Lesi simo lamandla ayo zezimboni manje lifaka ingeyesithathu emhlabeni emva-United States kanye ne-China. Isici esivelele sesimiso imithombo yendalo yezwe kakhulu ehleliwe enempumelelo amandla futhi ukungabi olubonakalayo amaminerali zwe. Ukuma futhi zezemvelo kukhawulwe kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqiza wezwe wezolimo ezingeni 55% izidingo zawo.

Leli zwe iyahola ukuthuthukiswa wamarobhothi, electronics, ubunjiniyela yezimoto kanye lokukhanda. Japan has ngoxhaxha ngobukhulu ukudoba emhlabeni.

Ake sicabangele kafushane ukuthekelisa futhi ukungenisa Japan. Kungeniswe, njengoba thina sekushiwo, ukudla, amaminerali, izinsimbi, zokubasa, imikhiqizo zamakhemikhali. electronics akhishiwe, ubunjiniyela kagesi, izimoto, izimoto ezahlukene, ekuklameni amarobhothi.

China njengelungu ekuhwebelaneni namazwe omhlaba

Njengamanje, China uye wabonisa ngayo ukusikhathalela Dynamics enviable. Namhlanje emnothweni wesibili emhlabeni. Ngokusho abahlaziyi, le PRC esikhathini kusuka 2015 kuya 2020 lunifice-United States, futhi kuze 2040 babe kathathu ngaphezulu enamandla ukwedlula isitha sakhe esiseduze. Resources, ukushayela umnotho Chinese namuhla ngokuchichima zomsebenzi (kuhlanganise onekhono), khona amaminerali, umhlaba kanye nabanye.

Export and yokungenisa of China namuhla kunqunywa Inqubomgomo yezwe, sithwele uhlamvu ezimbonini. Leli zwe namuhla - umholi ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa yezimboni of izinsimbi (steel, i-zinc, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium), izinto zasendlini (PC, ama-TV, imishini yokuwasha kanye nemishini yokuthunga microwave Ohhavini, amafriji, amakhamera, amawashi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa izimoto kuze kube manje, China usunificile-United States naseJapane kuhlanganiswe. uye ayo "Silicon Valley" ngisho eyakhelwe eduze Beijing e Haidian wesifunda.

Yini IChina ukungenisa? Ubuchwepheshe, izinsizakalo imfundo, ongoti, enikeziwe mazwe asethuthukile, izinto ezintsha, i-software, futhi i-biotechnology. Ukuhlaziywa lemikhiqizo China futhi ukungenisa kubonisa ukusebenza kanye ulwazi olujulile amasu ayo kwezomnotho. Ezithumela kwamanye amazwe yalezi amazwe namuhla esemqoka kakhulu ukukhula Dynamics.

Export and yokungenisa-Australia

Export and yokungenisa-Australia has imininingwane yayo siqu. izwekazi Okwesihlanu, okuyisimo sokuphila olulodwa ebumbeneko, has wezwe elinamandla futhi imithombo yezolimo kanye ivumela inyama, okusanhlamvu, uvolo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo emakethe yaleli zwe bayantuleka zomsebenzi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo Australia kwi international emakethe lisebenza njengesimemo isithekelisi asebenzayo. Ngokwezibalo eminyakeni yamuva, mayelana 25% womkhiqizo okhandwe yezwe yaqaphela njengoba ukuthekelisa kwezimpahla namasevisi. Australia nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo (50%) kanye nemikhiqizo izimayini (25%).

I ekudayiseni-Australia - Japan kanye ongenisa ngobukhulu - US.

umnotho e-Australia ibhekwa njengezwekazi engaphansi kakhulu ukungena. Yini ukuletha ku nezwekazi yesihlanu? 60% - kwemishini, amaminerali, imikhiqizo ukudla.

Ngokomlando, Australia has a negative ukuhweba ibhalansi, Nokho, kancane kancane kuyancipha. Ngenisa futhi ukuthekelisa yezwe okhula njalo futhi unyuka.

Export and yokungenisa of India

India has elikhulu kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho eNingizimu Asia. Izwe Ophishekela umsebenzi asebenzayo namanye amazwe ezimakethe zomhlaba. GDP 2012 yakhiwa 4,761 izindodla zezimali, okuyindawo okuphakelwa kuyo 4 th emhlabeni! Umthamo ukuhweba India angaphandle iyamangalisa: 90 kwaba mayelana 16% we-GDP, manje - ezingaphezu kuka-40%! Ukungeniswa nokukhishelwa emazweni angaphandle of India ezikhulayo ngokushesha. Izinzuzo isimo division ngamazwe zomsebenzi Uyi imithombo abalulekile womuntu, nsimu enkulukazi. Abangaphezu kwesigamu sabantu abasebenzayo wahlanganyela ezolimo, amaphesenti amathathu - emkhakheni service, 14% - embonini.

Ezolimo eNdiya - umthombo nokuthengiswa elayisi itiye kakolweni (engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-200), ikhofi, izinongo (amathani ayinkulungwane 120.). Nokho, uma sihlola ukutshalwa amabele yonke kwezolimo futhi ukuqhathanise isivuno of India, sithola ukuthi ukusebenza komkhakha Indian yezolimo kabili aphansi. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi imikhiqizo ukudla ukuletha leli lizwe ukuthekelisa nomholo enkulu.

India - ongenisa elikhulu ukotini, usilika, umoba, amantongomane.

izici ezithakazelisayo omkhiqizo othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe Indian kwemikhiqizo inyama. Kwezwakala umthelela yokucabanga kazwelonke. ENdiya - inani elikhulu izinkomo emhlabeni, kodwa ngokuthi ungomncane ukusetshenziswa ezweni inyama, ngoba kukhona inkomo iyisilwane engcwele.

Textile umkhakha inikeza umsebenzi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-20 e-India. Exports India ngaphandle izindwangu, petrochemicals, amatshe ayigugu, insimbi kanye steel, ezokuthutha, imikhiqizo zamakhemikhali. Ukungeniswa kawoyela ongahluziwe, namatshe anenani, umquba, imishini.

IsiZulu avunyelwe abantu abafundile kuleli zwe bathole injongo yaso siqu kule IT-ensimini futhi izinhlelo. Manje ezithumela kwamanye amazwe amasevisi kulo mkhakha semnotfo abalulekile futhi angaphezu kuka-20% we-GDP baseNdiya.

Ukuthutha ngobukhulu ukuze India-United States, United Arab Emirates, China. Ngenisa izimpahla efanayo evela eNdiya, United Arab Emirates, i-China, i-Saudi Arabia.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izwe has a abalulekile samasosha zezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi, nangezikhali zenuzi kusukela ngo-1974. Ukunqotshwa kwe-nokuthula neNdiya ezingqubuzana China ngo-1962 futhi Pakistan ngo-1965 ophoqelelwe lizwe ukungenisa izikhali esisebenzayo kuqala, bese wenza owakho. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1971, kwathatha ukunqoba obugculisayo phezu Pakistan. Kusukela maphakathi 90s, India kunesithembiso omkhulu amandla ezombusazwe.

isiphetho

Njengoba singabona kule athikili, uthi ahlukahlukene ukhethe imithombo abafanele kanye nokukhiqiza of the ukwakheka ezithumela kwamanye amazwe.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kulezi zinsuku kwabalelwa Keynes isikimu avumelanayo khulula ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba ngokuvamile uthi sikhubazekile. Uhulumeni emazweni ahlukahlukene ezingeni layo lezomnotho ukugqugquzela nokuthengiswa yasekhaya. Futhi ngokuvamile lokhu mncintiswano kahle kamhlophe futhi amaqhinga eyinkimbinkimbi okusikhumbuza ukulwa. Ubani uwina ke? Izwe ukhiqiza lemiqulu emikhulu ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Ngakho-ke, osomnotho uthi namuhla mayelana Remake inqubomgomo ezimbonini.

Umbuzo: "Kuyini isu oluncamelayo ezweni namuhla" Ingabe olandelayo langempela isimo macroeconomic: kulondolozwa exchange angaphandle yayo izinqolobane, izwe efuna ukukhulisa nokuthengiswa, nokukhawulela ukungeniswa yayo ngaphakathi ngenzuzo ukuthekelisa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, uzama ukutjhugulula izici esikhathini esizayo baphathe ingozi encishisiwe currency angaphandle Amaholo. Yiziphi izici? Amanani wokuguqulwa, yokuthengisa amanani kawoyela, igesi, funa nokunwebeka kakhulu. Ukuqala ngekhulu xxi ushiye izibazi into zomhlaba esikhuluma ngokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke. Umthamo isamba ukuthekelisa ungenise imisebenzi, elikhulu (ezingaphezu kuka-30%) bekwi zokuhweba.