Zezenhlalo Russian - kalowo izinxushunxushu zomlando isimo sezombusazwe

Njengoba emazweni amaningi eziphambili e-Europe, ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu njengoba isayensi e laseRussia aqala phakathi kwekhulu XIX. Lokhu isiyalo legatsha ukuthi ufunda imithetho ukusebenza nomphakathi kanye oyiyo. Nokho, ukukhula kwawo ezweni lethu eziningi kunqunywa izinxushunxushu zomlando isimo sezombusazwe ngesikhathi esithile.

Oku-wamavukelambuso isikhathi

I zezenhlalo wokuqala Russian kukhona ngokwezinga elikhulu kwaba liphefumulelwe imiklamo lososayensi Western. Okokuqala, u-Auguste Comté, Georga Zimmelya futhi Emilya Dyurkgeyma. Nokho, imvelo yasekhaya, lokhu isayensi usezuze uhlamvu ekhetheke kakhulu. On asenhlabathini inkinga zako ezisemqoka iphuzu kazwelonke.

Yingaleso sikhathi lapho zezenhlalo Russian ngikudalile eziningi kwesibhamu yezwe (futhi ngokwengxenye athandwa ngisho namuhla) umqondo: Slavophilism, Westernism, nokunye. Khona-ke ukuvela amakamu amabili ukuthi ukusekela nokufunda kulezi imibono, kuchazwa umcabango lwezenhlalo kuleli zwe phakathi kwekhulu XIX. Slavophiles babeqiniseka ukuthi izimo zomlando eRussia engimbumbile lapha ephilayo ngokuphelele esiyingqayizivele nomphakathi, yingakho kudingeka okwengeziwe ekuthuthukiseni ezimele kanye nokwenqaba imibono endleleni aseYurophu, futhi nakakhulu kusukela ukuhlanganiswa. zezenhlalo Russian Westernising inhliziyo ibhekwa Russia njengengxenye impucuko ezivamile yaseYurophu futhi ngokuthi zokwehlukanisa amagugu abafanele, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okusheshayo emkhayeni European.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIX futhi ekuqaleni umcabango ngokwesayensi XX leminyaka isiRashiya kwakuwulimi inkambo engcono yokwenza subjectivism. Esikhathini ngokoqobo Russian ukuthi lokufundisa lihlanganisa ikhono lomunye umuntu kakhulu kuthinte inkambo yomlando bebodwa, kungakhathaliseki imithetho Inhloso yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle nomnikazi zomlando. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke zezenhlalo Russian inkathi yangaphambi wamavukelambuso: N. Danilevsky, uNikolai Chernyshevsky, L. Mechnikov, P. Lavrov nabanye.

isayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu eSoviet Union

Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yokuqala post-wamavukelambuso, ayesekhona impela eningi inkululeko sokuthuthukiswa imibono lwezenhlalo. Iqembu yehlelwa ukwehlukana okwenzeka ngaphakathi futhi umzabalazo ukubukwa sendlela inkambo okufanele bahlakulele isimo. Isayensi yomphakathi le nkathi, kuyaqapheleka futhi ukusekela ngisho kuka esetshenziswa zezenhlalo Russian.

Ngakho, ngo-Petrograd futhi Yaroslavl amanyuvesi babeze wadala umnyango. Ngo-1919, i-Institute of Sociology yasungulwa ngo lizwe, yanyathelisa izincwadi ezikhuthaza efanele. Nokho, kude kakhulu, kulapho khulula Cindezela phansi indawo indlela kaMarx ukuba isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi.

Ngo-1930, kwabantu ingabe kuyinto sehlazweni kahulumeni, abe mbumbulu isayensi kuso. A umzamo omusha ukuvuseleleka timidly ukuthatha zezenhlalo Russian kwekhulu lama-20 engxenyeni yesibili, lapho ngawo-1960-ke kwaphazanyiswa ukuthuthukiswa uyaqhubeka sciences uhlelo okuhlobene - nefilosofi nakwezomnotho. Ezinye ukuqashelwa kwesayensi yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle kuphela ingena 1970-1980, futhi ne kabusha futhi enza nenkululeko. Nokho, lapho kuwa zezimali ekulesi simo kwangilethela kwabantu, kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi eziningi, iminyaka eminingi ukuba kumile.