Zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane: isithombe, ubungcweti. Uyini ehlane zintathu-uSergiyu?

Kuvele lesikhumbuzo esivelele emlandweni Russian - ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane (Russian izakhiwo elinemifanekiso) - isimo evikelwe namuhla. Nokho, Isigodlo ezingenamafutha kwadingeka ukuthi ahambe phakathi nezikhathi ezinzima, ngenxa ezinye zakhiwo irretrievably elahlekile. Namuhla zonke izakhamuzi Russia uyazi ukuthi kubukeka kanjani imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane. Lokhu kuyinto eyigugu ngempela isiko Russian, futhi kufanele ukwazi ke zonke Russian.

ekusungulweni sezindela

Ngo 1734, Russian Empress Anna Ivanovna wanquma ukudlulisela leli zwe e angu-10 kusukela Petersburg, elalikade kwaku villa Ogwini lolwandle of Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, omdala iNdlovukazi, umambuli yakhe. Archimandrite ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Monastery Varlaam wayefuna ukuba yedwa, ngoba nje ukukhoseliswa ezifana nomhlaba omusha yayihloselwe. Lena yindlela ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane, egameni Isigodlo, phambilini obuwaziwa wakhonza njengephayona Barlaam. Igama elithi "ehlane" lisho ukuthi "indawo enomunyu, kude," kamuva "sezindela". Barlaam futhi wathola imvume siye ekhaya elisha esontweni encane sokhuni kweNyuka Blessed Virgin Mary kusukela ifa Queen uPraskovya Feodorovna. Kwakuwusuku isonto lokuqala Isigodlo, lanikezelwa behlonipha St. uSergiyu ka Radonezh Meyi 2, 1735. Ezingwadule, ngokusebenzisa igunya wesigodlo, ngokushesha kuyanda, isisindo sayo empilweni zenkolo Petersburg kuyanda, kodwa namanje engu-30 sezindela ubudala iyindawo encane esekusithekeni eduze Gulf of Finland.

sokuthuthwa kwempahla

Ngaphansi Elizabeth, zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane livele libe isimo esisha. UMbusikazi wanquma usethe ngesisekelo the cloister "enhle" sezindela nangokumemezela Inombolo yezenzo ukwenza kanjalo. Indodakazi sikaPeter Omkhulu wayebathanda ukwakha, ngesikhatheso sokubusa kwakhe Petersburg yazuza eziningi izakhiwo uyakufanelekela: Winter Palace, Cathedral of the Smolny Monastery, Grand ePeterhof Palace, Tsarskoye Selo isigodlo esikhulu.

Ezimisele zidlulisela zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane, lapho wezwa umuzwa okhethekile: Emakamelweni angaphakathi amakhosi we sezindela yena wayelindele umphumela Icebo lika kwesibhamu futhi ligcinwe inkonzo lokuqala yokudumisa enesiphetho esijabulisayo lomcimbi, Elizaveta Petrovna iqala ukwakhiwa. Ama-oda Empress Architect PA Trezzini iphrojekthi Holy Trinity Cathedral. Ukuhlela ukwakheka lakhela phezu i okusalungiswa kokuqala le Smolny Sezindela Rastrelli futhi kwakha isithombe esisha sethempeli esizayo.

Ngo 1756, isonto lombhishobhi baqale ukwakha ke ukwakha ku 1758 ibandla St uSergiyu ka Radonezh, amaseli itshe eyakhelwe izindela, imibhoshongo yabalindi nezindonga. Ngo 1764, zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane e Strelna uthola ukuzimela, akuseyona ilawulwe zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra, Isigodlo imi inhloko Archimandrite sakhe. Kodwa u-Elizabethe wangabona kuleli hlane ukuguqulwa ozithandayo, okuyiwona asiveli kwesikhathi impumelelo. Archimandrite isikhundla ngokuvamile elalihlala abantu abasha nje awunaso isikhathi ukwenza into ethile ebalulekile sokuthuthukiswa ehlane.

Kuphela ngo-1834 kwaqala inkathi yokuchuma ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane. Ehola Isigodlo imele umuntu okuthakazelisa kakhulu - Ignatius Bryanchaninov, owaphothula okhazimulayo esikoleni ubunjiniyela, imbongi eqinile, wohlanga olukhulu, owashiya ukuphila elithakazelisayo kwezenhlalo futhi wanikela esandleni sabo egameni ngokuchuma sezindela. Nicholas ngimnika isivumelwano - ukwenza ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane sempahla yonke zezindela. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili wesigodlo babelwela maqondana lo mgomo, futhi lukhulu ayengakwenza.

Omunye izivakashi njalo Isigodlo waba Umbusi ngokwakhe, abavame ucele izeluleko Isibusiso Archimandrite. Ignatius bebeka imithetho kuhle esiqinile esigodlweni sezindela, udala uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli uhlobo Optina. Esikhundleni sakhe Ignatius Malyshev engu-40 eyalandela, uqhubekela phambili umsebenzi ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqinisa sezindela. Phakathi nale nkathi, uZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane isithombe namuhla idlulisele kuphela ingxenye ngobukhulu bawo, bakhiwe nabo izakhiwo ezintsha: amasonto, izakhiwo zokuhlala, ipulazi izakhiwo, umtapo, okuyinto has izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-6000. Isigodlo iba yangempela edolobheni elincane, kwavula izikole eziningana, ekhaya lasebekhulile, esibhedlela ihhotela abampofu. Ubethula wajoyina yisigaba 50 okweshumi, lapho izindela kutshalwa izitshalo, imifino. Zintathu-uSergiyu nehlane liphenduke endaweni ehlonishwayo futhi onegunya, woza lapha ukuthandaza ukwazi emathuneni yayo waphumula eziningi zabantu abadumile kanye nabantu abadumile.

I wesigodlo lokugcina sezindela uSergiyu wasezala obungokomoya balabo Grand Duke Dmitry futhi Konstantin Romanov. Ngaphambi inguquko, Isigodlo esadlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni okungokomoya isimo, yayiyisikhungo ephawulekayo kwezamasiko nakwezomnotho.

neminyaka ukulahleka

Konke kwashintsha emva kwempi. Ngo-1919, i-Isigodlo sikaZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane yavalwa, nakuba isevisi uye waqhubeka isikhathi esithile. Ingxenye esemqoka izindela abadingisiwe, abanye wasala wendawo zabasebenzi enkhundleni. sezindela impahla laphangwa ngo-1921 amaBolshevik esingu ekwembuleni Umphathi St uSergiyu. Ngo-1931, lapho kuvulwe wezempi ukuqeqeshwa esikoleni. Phakathi nempi izakhiwo sezindela bahlupheka kakhulu ngesikhathi amabhomu. Kodwa ekuqaleni sibonwe eminyakeni engu-60. Ngo-1962, i-Holy Trinity Cathedral, futhi ayibange isaba lesikhumbuzo ladilizwa. Church of the lokulabhela Virgin oNgcwele yasha ngo-1964, ngesikhathi ibambene umkhankaso Khrushchev sika wokuphikisana nenkolo. Ngo-1968 Silahle kulo ibandla labaseTheselonika Vuko.

sezindela namuhla

Ngo-1993, zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane nesithombe ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona umbukwane esidabukisayo, yanikwa iSonto Lobu-Orthodox. Kancane kancane waqala umsebenzi wokubuyisela izindela sezindela ixazululwe futhi. Ebandleni Sergiya Radonezhskogo beqhuba izinkonzo njalo, buyisela wabhubhisa emathuneni ubhekene sokubuyiselwa okwenzeka izakhiwo lokusinda. Izindela dream wake ukubuyisela elahlekile, kodwa kuze kube manje azifinyelelanga izandla, umsebenzi esigodlweni sezindela miningi. Noma kunjalo, imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane, nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu okuyinto kancane walondoloza ngisho namuhla kuthinta amakhono kanye ithalenta abaklami ziyamjabulisa iso isivakashi sawo izindawo.

Umklamo eziyinkimbinkimbi

Isitayela yezakhiwo ehlane kungachazwa njengendlela izakhiwo bendabuko Russian bafaniswe. Izindlu sezindela ehlanganisa canons ezimisiwe izakhiwo imibono ezintsha. Uma udala sezindela yasetshenziswa kohlelo lokuhlelwa classical, lapho maphakathi Ukwakheka uyithempeli main futhi endaweni eseduze nale ndlela, futhi sesivele ibekwe emhlabeni lonke isakhiwo. Lesi sakhiwo esemqoka ye insimu kwenzeka engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili. Lapha ungakwazi ukubona izakhi Eclecticism, owawungumnyaka ezifanelekile izakhiwo Russian kanye zaseYurophu we isikhathi. Futhi ngenxa izakhiwo sezindela libhekene khona izisusa Russian.

Zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane sasisuke izakhiwo okwakukhona isibonelo ukusetshenziswa izisusa kazwelonke bokwakha ethempelini, lakhiwa njengoba Isigodlo isiRashiya, ke kwadingeka akhulume ukubukeka kahle thempeli zonke izakhiwo. Ukuma yokugcina cloister lenzeka ngekota yokugcina yekhulu le-19, eziyinkimbinkimbi Lihlanganisa izinto ezingaphezu kuka-10 izakhiwo okungokomthetho izakhiwo eziningana izinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Kwasebenza eziningi abaklami abadumile. P. Trezzini udale iphrojekthi-zintathu Cathedral futhi uhlela endaweni okuthuthukiswa iphrojekthi, Luidzhi Ruska eyakhelwe ekhaya lasebekhulile, AM Ochakide esakhiwe intercession noMsindisi Chapel, sasebenza Bandla intercession, futhi Grigoriya Bogoslova, by Rastrelli esakhiwe amaseli Izigodlo. Lokubaluleke kakhulu kwaba emathuneni Isigodlo, lapho bangcwatshwe amadodana amaningi adumile Russia, manje kancane kancane uyalulama ukubukeka kwalo ngokomlando.

Nethempeli Saint uSergiyu

Zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane ekuqaleni eyakhelwe emhlabeni esontweni St uSergiyu ka Radonezh. Ithempeli lokuqala senziwa ngokhuni, ke yasuka Petersburg. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 endaweni yayo esakhiwe lombhishobhi okokuqala itshe, okuyinto ngo-1854 waphinda kakhulu kabusha. Ukuhlela ukwakheka Gornostaev eyakhelwe esontweni isitayela WaseByzantium, izahluko ezinhlanu kanye amasonto angama ezimbili: LikaKristu UMsindisi ethuneni Martyr UZenaida Apraksins futhi amathuna Yusupov. Elikhulu ezimbili storey ethempelini angazamukela abantu ayizinkulungwane 2, it is ehlotshiswe ibala amafasitela ahlotshiswe ngokweqile e isitayela Romanesque. I iconostasis lihlotshiswe ngamatshe ayigugu kanye semiprecious, phansi KaMose yenziwa ngokuvumelana imidwebo wezakhiwo. Leli thempeli ngasinda zonke izikhathi kunzima Sizoqhubeka nokusebenza namuhla.

Architecture zintathu Monastery

Zintathu Monastery baba inhliziyo yesigodlo. It yasungulwa ngo 1756, imisebenzi yayenziwa wawuqondiswa umakhi P. Trezzini. Cathedral emihlanu oluyingungu zamatshe lakhiwa iminyaka engamashumi 4. Ithempeli hit elingaphakathi ocebile: stucco akudala futhi imidwebo, ukukhanya okuningi - konke lokhu wadala umuzwa nomkhosi. Ithempeli elincane, ephethe namandla abantu 600, hit umbono langa. It Trezzini komculo we best of izakhiwo yezobuciko. imininingwane abaningi, stucco, ezinhlanu alengayo ahlelwe domes ethempelini amakholomu wenza okungokomthetho zikanokusho. Ibé lokuma ukuze kwakhiwe amasonto yonkana Russia by kakhulu ngendlela 20 iminyaka.

Ithempeli zokuxhumana. martyr valerian

Zintathu-uSergiyu lama isiphephelo lokugcina amadoda amaningi kakhulu, omunye wabo kwaba Graf valerian Zubov, i umlawuli oluvelele, umnqobi Derbent. Esikhundleni ingcwaba lakhe storey ethempelini nge kuvulandi isitayela Empire lakhiwa. Lesi sakhiwo ine engavamile ukuma Rotunda, lapho itholakala iconostasis ongaphambili omise. Lesi sakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi olulodwa endlini ukukhubazeka. Kuze kube namuhla, ukwakhiwa walondoloza, kodwa ifomu angahleliwe kakhulu ngenxa rearrangements kule 40s yekhulu lama-20, lapho-ke kwaku ekamu lokusebenza kanzima.

Church of the lokulabhela Virgin oNgcwele

Ugwadule Yakhiwa sibonga amakhasimende owaziwa, njengoba ethempelini Virgin oNgcwele wayephezu isakhiwo, ocelwe Prince Kochubey behlonipha umkakhe oshonile. Le phrojekthi wadala lombhishobhi R. Kuzmin, eminyakeni 1859-1863 lavuselelwa futhi igcwaliswe uHarald Bosse. Ithempeli elincane kodwa eliphezulu kakhulu lwenzelwe isitayela Renaissance, kwakheka ukubukeka komlando sezindela. Lesi sakhiwo wayebhekene grey itshe waseScotland futhi kakhulu okusikhumbuza Florence Cathedral. Ibandla labhujiswa ngo-1964.

ethempelini Grigorievsky

Church of St Grigoriya Bogoslova lakhiwa iminyaka engamashumi amane 1855-1857 yinkantolo wezakhiwo u-Alexander II AM Shtakenshnejdera. It is ukondleka isitayela Russian-zaseByzantium kuyinto encane embhedeni iconostasis elotshwe ingemuva igolide, kanye emhlophe zemabula ethuneni bokwehla igrafu G. Kushelev. manje zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane usebenzela ukubuyiselwa umhlobiso ingaphakathi lethempeli, okuyinto liyalondolozwa ifomu eguquliwe, kodwa akenzi.

Church of the Resurrection

Petersburg Monastery zintathu-uSergiyu ehlane bekulokhu owumthombo umoya Russian. Kakhulu isakhiwo "Russian" kusengathiwa esontweni hip Wovuko kaKristu. Yakhiwa 1877-1880 ngaphansi project A. Parland, umlobi odumile Cathedral koMsindisi Yegazi elichithwayo Petersburg. Mbumbulu ngezitini ezinemibala, emawindini engilazi apendiwe, esiqoshiwe sase-nge izibalo yabangcwele Russian - konke lokhu kwenza Uvuko Cathedral sengathi ithoyizi enhle. Ingaphakathi esiliva, porphyry, ithusi washaya ukukhanya. Ngo-1968, isonto yasha.