Vanadium (chemical elementi): umlando igama, isakhiwo ye-athomu, le Valence

Phakathi 115 izakhi zamakhemikhali eyaziwa njengamanje, abaningi wathola igama layo yokudumisa Amaqhawe zamaGreki, onkulunkulu. Abanye wabiza amagama wabahloli nososayensi odumile. Abanye banxuswa amazwe, amadolobha, ezindawo. Ikakhulukazi ezithakazelisayo ngumlando igama into ezifana vanadium. Yebo futhi ngokwalo, lokhu metal kubalulekile ngempela futhi sinezici ekhethekile. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ke kabanzi.

Vanadium - chemical sakhi ishadi lesikhathi

Uma thina elichaza into ngesimo uhlelo gqwa, kungenzeka ukuhlonza amaphuzu embalwa eyinhloko.

1. Akhiwe isikhathi esikhulu wesine, iqembu yesihlanu, subgroups main.
2. Inombolo ye-serial - 23.
3. Ungqimba athomu element - 50,9415.
4. Uphawu chemical - V
5. Igama Lesi'Latin - vanadium.
6. igama Russian - vanadium. elementi Chemical ifundwa ngokuthi "vanadium" e amafomula.
7. Ingabe ejwayelekile metal ziphephile ekunciphiseni izakhiwo.

Isikhundla izakhi ohlelweni kusobala ukuthi njengoba isici asebenzayo izidakamizwa elula kuyodingeka izakhiwo ezifanayo nalezo tantalum futhi niobium.

Izici isakhiwo ye-athomu

Vanadium - chemical isici, isakhiwo yama-athomu okuyinto esashiwo jikelele ifomula E ³ 3d ² 4s. Ngokusobala, ngenxa ukucushwa ezinjalo kanye valency kanye namachibi isimo angase abonise amanani nezingahlobene.

Lokhu ifomula ivumela ukubikezela izakhiwo vanadium uyinto elula - metal ejwayelekile obumba inani elikhulu compounds ezahlukene, kuhlanganise eziyinkimbinkimbi.

valency Isici nesimo namachibi

Ngenxa yokuba khona electron ayibhangqiwe ku 3d ezintathu kungaba abonise isimo namachibi sublayer vanadium +3. Nokho, akuyona kuphela. Sekukonke kukhona amanani ezine ezingaba yiqiniso:

• +2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 5.

Kulokhu, vanadium - isici kwamakhemikhali, Valence ka nalo izinkomba ezimbili: IV futhi V Yingakho compounds e-athomu inikezwe nje setha, futhi zonke zibe nombala umdwebo omuhle. Ikakhulukazi labo eyaziwa ngokuba amanzi kanye nosawoti wensimbi izakhiwo.

Vanadium: element kwamakhemikhali. Umlando kwegama

Uma sikhuluma umlando kokutholakala kwalesi metal, kubalulekile ukuba ubheke ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII. Phakathi nale nkathi, e 1801, Mexican Del Rio wakwazi ukuthola izakhi yakhe engaziwa isahola sesiwa, isifanekiso elithize abengumsunguli uhlole. Ngemva uchungechunge ucwaningo, del Rio wathola abanye ezinemibala emihle zensimbi. Walinika igama "erythron", kodwa kamuva wathatha naye usawoti chromium, ngakho entendeni kuvulwa ayitholakalanga.

Kamuva, esinye isazi, Swede Sefstrom, wakwazi ukuthola i-metal ngokukhetha kwaso netshe yensimbi. Lokhu wemithi ukungabaza element omusha futhi engaziwa, wayengekho. Ngakho-ke, leli phayona ngakho. Bekanye Jens Berzelius awunika igama kwatholakala izakhi - vanadium.

Kungani lokhu? Ngo ezinganekwaneni zamaNorseman, kukhona omunye unkulunkulukazi ngubani samuntu kothando, ukukhuthazela, ukwethembeka nokuzinikela. Nanguya unkulunkulukazi ubuhle. Igama lakhe kwakungu Vanadis. Uma ososayensi isici izakhiwo zezakhi abangu wafunda, kwaba sobala ngempela ukuthi mihle kakhulu, umbala. A ingxubevange metal okufakiwe kakhulu kuthuthukisa izinga namandla abo nokuzinza. Ngakho-ke, ngo-kuhlonishwa unkulunkulukazi u-Vanadis, sanikwa igama lomunye izinsimbi engavamile futhi ezibalulekile.

Vanadium - chemical isici ngesimo into elula etholwe ngisho kamuva. Kuphela ngo-1869, umthaki British H. Roscoe uye wakwazi ukuhlukanisa metal efomini khulula edwaleni. Omunye usosayensi F. Weller okuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi Kutholwe kanye del Rio "chrome" kuyinto vanadium. Nokho, i-Mexican kube yilolu suku engakaze ahlale, futhi lokho akuthola kwabangela azange sithole. I-Russian isici isihloko kwafika sibonga G. I. Gessu.

Simple vanadium kwakwakhe

Njengoba into elula okukhulunywa kuyinto athomu metal. Anakho eziningi izakhiwo ngokomzimba.

1. Umbala: isiliva-white, elicwebezelayo.
2. Ziyaqothuka, kanzima, esindayo, kusukela konga 6,11 g / cm ^3.
3. Ukuma - 1920 ⁰ C, okuyinto kuyivumela zihlanganisa insimbi refractory.
4. Umoya akusho oxidize.

Njengoba ngefomu khulula ngokwemvelo ukuhlangabezana kungenzeki wakhe, khona-ke abantu babe ukwehlukanisa kuye kusukela namaminerali ahlukahlukene namatshe.

Vanadium - elementi sensimbi, okuyinto ubukisa ngokwanele reactivity okusezingeni eliphezulu lapho evuthayo, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Uma sikhuluma zezemvelo ejwayelekile, okwazi ukuthatha kuphela nama-asidi kanzulu, aqua regia.

Ngikanye namalungu athile nonmetals edonsa compounds kanambambili, ukusabela zenzeka ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. I oncibilikisiwe encibilikayo alikhali, ukwakha izakhiwo - vanadates. Oxygen kuyinto oxidizing ejenti enamandla oncibilikayo vanadium, futhi aba maningi Ayanda lokushisa Ukushisa ingxube.

Ukuba nemvelo futhi Isotopes

Uma sikhuluma ukusabalala athomu emvelweni, vanadium - isici zamakhemikhali, okubhekisele ngingekho ovulekile. Iyilungu yamadwala cishe zonke ezinkulu, imikhando namaminerali. Kodwa akukho ndawo akuyona ezingaphezu kuka-2%.

Okuqukethwe in the uqweqwe kakhulu futhi 1.9 * 10 ^-7. Ngenxa yalesi inkomba, kuba phambi ithusi, zinc kanye phambili. UQobo metal rock akusho, yakha Nokho kukhona amasimu eziningana ezibhekwa kuyinto vanadium. Ziqukethe insimbi eheleni crystal zazo ngama-athomu vanadium ekhona semali.

Kuyinto idwala ezinjalo, njenge:

• vanadinite;
• cartridges;
• carnotite;
• EChile.

Ungase futhi ukuhlangabezana insimbi ukwakheka:

• isitshalo umlotha;
• ocean amanzi;
• tel ulwandle squirts, ulwandle ukhukhamba;
• eziphilayo, izitshalo eliwumhlaba nezilwane.

Uma sikhuluma isotopes ka vanadium, ukuthi mabili kuphela: inombolo mass 51, zazo iningi - 99,77%, kanye nenombolo mass 50, okuyinto ehlakazekile enemisebe futhi kwenzeka trace amanani.

vanadium compounds

Sesike waveza ukuthi, njengoba isici kwamakhemikhali metal kubonisa umsebenzi elanele inqwaba compounds ezahlukene. Ngakho, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo izinto ezaziwa nge vanadium.

1. Oxides.
2. Hydroxides.
3. nosawoti Binary (chloride, fluorides, bromides, sulfides, iodides).
4. compounds Hydroxy (oxychlorides oxybromide, oksitriftoridy nabanye).
5. nosawoti Complex.

Kusukela Valence timphawu sehluka kakhulu ke eziningi izinto eyatholakala. The main lolwehlukanisa bonke - umbala. Vanadium - ikhemikhali isici ukuhlaziywa okuyinto kuhlanganisa imibukiso ukuthi umbala kungaba isukela ezimhlophe nophuzi othi obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuhlanganise shades of eluhlaza, orange, omnyama onsomi. Kuyinto ngokwengxenye lokhu kwaba isizathu ukuthi waqanjwa ye-athomu, ngoba ngempela ubukeka nice kakhulu.

Nokho, eziningi zezakhi etholakala kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ukuphendula kunalokho elawula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi labo - anobuthi, yingozi kubantu. Physical isimo izinto zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, chloride, bromides futhi fluorides - ngokuvamile pink amnyama, oluhlaza, noma zinhlayiya abamnyama. A oxides - ngesimo izimpushana.

Ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa metal

Njengoba yenziwe vanadium, buhlukaniswe yamadwala nasemigodini imikhando. Futhi labo namaminerali eziqukethe ngisho 1% of the metal, ezibhekwa njengezincwadi zinothile vanadium. Ngemva ukwehlukana ingxube isampula zensimbi vanadium ngokudluliswa angena ikhambi kanzulu. Kule ahlukanisa by acidification sodium vanadate, okuvela kulo kamuva etholwe isampula kanzulu kakhulu, ne wokuqukethwe metal afika ku 90%.

Khona-ke, lokhu kwenze omisiwe ukuthi calcined esithandweni kanye vanadium kuyehla kube isimo metallic. Kuleli fomu okokusebenza isilungele ukusetshenziswa.

Vanadium - isici ikhemikhali kahle kabanzi embonini. Ikakhulukazi mechanical sokuncibilikisa Alloys steel. Ungakwazi ichaze ezindaweni eziningana eyinhloko ukusetshenziswa metal.

1. Textile umkhakha.
2. Glassmaking.
3. Womshini zobumba iraba.
4. Paint futhi ukuvenisha umkhakha.
5. Ukulungiselela kanye zamagama amakhemikhali (ukukhiqizwa sulphate).
6. Ukukhiqizwa Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi.
7. Aviation kanye shipbuilding, ifayela eliwumthombo.

Vanadium - ebaluleke kakhulu alloying ingxenye ukwenziwa ukukhanya, eqinile, ukugqwala Alloys nemithi, steel ikakhulu. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi ubizwa ngokuthi "isizinda komgwaqo."