Uyini stem? Isakhiwo kanye nencazelo stem

Uyini stem? Ngamagama yezinto eziphilayo, iyingxenye zalesi sihlahla, lapho amaqabunga nezimbali, okuyinto phambili isimiso semithambo yegazi, eyaqala izimpande. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-stem kuyinto ukulethwa amanzi namaminerali abalulekile enhlabathini ukuze amaqabunga kanye nezinye izingxenye izitshalo. Green sifanamsindvo iphinde ibheke ukudla iqhaza-photosynthesis.

Isiqu: isimo sawo futhi incazelo

Izicubu ekupheleni stem cells labo abazokwazi ukuhlukana futhi okubangela ukunwebeka waso, owayebizwa ngokuthi i-meristem apical. stem izingqimba zihlanganisa epidermis - it is camera nge olwelwesini amaseli akhethekile wax yemifino, esihlinzeka ukuvikelwa imvelo. Primary izicubu bophezela epidermis futhi phloem kwangaphakathi obhekene nokusatshalaliswa imikhiqizo ye-photosynthesis ngu simila. xylem izicubu oluhlukaniswe amanzi nokusansimbi okuvela izimpande kakhulu phezulu, ngaleyo ndlela linikeze ukweseka kwesakhiwo izitshalo. Kwangezikhathi kukhona cambium ungqimba sokuhlukanisa kwezicubu ivumela isiqu sabo ukukhula khulani ububanzi. Inani stem ngokuyinhloko ukunikeza esibalulekile izinto lonke isitshalo. Uma lilimele noma ngebhandeshi Friend, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zibancishe kwezicubu ukudla, kancane siqale zome. ukulahlekelwa Ubude kwenzeka ne lilokhu libuna kohlelo impande. ingxenye stem sihlanganisa core eligcwele izitshalo bok ubudala izinkuni hard xylem zemicu esetshenziselwa ukuhlonza izitshalo. Kungaba eliqinile noma eziyize. kwesigaba yayo cross kungaba round, esingunxantathu noma star emise.

izici yangaphandle

Uyini stem futhi nanokuthi libukeka kanjani? Phezulu stem kuyinto waso oyinhloko ukukhula. Receptor elise kulo bangase zethulwe ngendlela yamaqabunga efihlekile futhi vegetative efihlekile zokuzala. Ikakhulukazi izitshalo eziningi apical i-hormone auxin kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa lateral efihlekile, kanjalo orienting phezulu isitshalo, hhayi eceleni. Uma ihlumela apical sisuswa ngesikhathi ukuwuthena, zikhula we axils leaf lateral efihlekile ozokhula izikhandle kakhudlwana ekufuneni, kanye stem ngeke lwentshebe ukuma. Njengomthetho, ingaphezulu amashidi Ushintshe - ihlumela izikali, okuyinto abakhonza ukuvikela. Amagxolo iyona yangaphandle izicubu oluvikelayo izitshalo bok, futhi ithuthukisa ngeminyaka.

Isimiso semithambo yegazi

Isimiso semithambo yegazi emelelwa inethiwekhi amapayipi lapho amanzi izakhi zithutha kulo lonke isitshalo ngezimpande ngokuhlanganisa, ekunqandeni kanye namahlamvu. Akubona bonke ye izitshalo kungaba ozibongayo ezifana wona kanye ulwelwe anikwe amandla ehlasela umzimba. izitshalo Umhlinzi zihlanganisa izimbali nezitshalo coniferous kanye Izinhlobo. Uhlelo siqukethe ezimbili kwezicubu main: i phloem futhi xylem. Xylem inethiwekhi amapayipi ethuthela amanzi namaminerali kulo lonke isitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi inikeza umsebenzi yesibili - ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo, it ingafaniswa yomgogodla, esiza ugcine oqotho. Ukwaluka stem ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekutheni inani kwezicubu, isibonelo, it is kakhulu eziqukethwe iziqu esihlahleni, e imibala yayo sincane kakhulu.

Izinhlobo ezivamile of sifanamsindvo

1. Izinkuni. Lapha libhekisela izihlahla ezikhula thwi letinalokubalulekile elikhulu, futhi ezihlabayo (rose, amagilebhisi, amajikijolo, ama-raspberry).
2. Kushintshwe. Ngokwesibonelo, Tulips, iminduze nomnsalo kuthiwa uqweqwe stem komhlaba namahlamvu esinamanzi. Ngo umlunge esifushane, uqweqwe komhlaba ekunqandeni namahlamvu zibe maholoholo iDemo. Umnyombo onomfutho, ezikhulayo ngaphansi nangaphezulu izimpande amahlamvu nezimbali abe sitrobheli, dandelion, violet Afrika.
3. Evundlile. Ngokwesibonelo, amahlumela sendawo sitrobheli, toffee.
4. Curly sifanamsindvo (Uhobhane, Honeysuckle, ubhontshisi oluhlaza).
5. Izinhlobo sifanamsindvo futhi zihlanganisa tuber, ezifana amazambane.
6. stem Tuberous, okufutshane futhi isicaba, iyatholakala begonias, dahlia. Ngokungafani nezilimo eziyizigaxa, okuyinto ezihlakazekile receptor, tuberous neziqu kufanele kuphela efihlekile leaf phezulu.

stem umsebenzi

1. Isekela amaqabunga, izimbali nezithelo, ukuzihlanganisa nabo ngisho nezimpande zezihlahla. Nezihlahla stem main noma isiqu libhekene aqinile columnar.

2. He is wokuba umbhidisi amanzi, izakhi kanye nemikhiqizo ye-photosynthesis. Indlela yokuhamba ngezinto Its ahlelwe ukuze kuba nokwenzeka ukunyakaza mpo futhi lateral phakathi nomzimba isitshalo.

3. Amandla ukugcina amanzi kanye nemikhiqizo ye-photosynthesis umsebenzi obalulekile umoba izitshalo ezifana wesundu Cacti.

4. stem Young green kudlala indima encane ekukhiqizweni kokudla ngenxa inqubo ye-photosynthesis, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zawo (isib Cacti) iyona esemqoka induku photosynthesis isitho.

5. Kuyinto yokuzala asexual e izinhlobo eziningi izitshalo, kuhlanganise cuttings.

stem ingxenye

Zonke neziqu angiosperms, kuhlanganise naleyo kakhulu ukushintshwa, kufanele ISIZINDA, internodes, efihlekile kanye namahlamvu. Node - nanti iphuzu kusuka ezimila amaqabunga noma efihlekile. Itulo ngokuthi interstice therebetween. Bud - kuyinto stem-embryonic ukuthi lungaba ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka. ikhule ibe imbali noma leaf. Lezi efihlekile zibizwa ngokuthi yamaqabunga efihlekile, efihlekile kanye efihlekile elixutshwe. Abaningi babo bahlale lapho esephumule isikhathi esithile, khona-ke zikhula zibe izingxenye ezihlukene noma kuhlanganiswa ngokwemvelo ku stem izicubu futhi ukucasha. Nezihlahla, ngaphandle stem main, ngokuvamile zingasetshenziswa futhi amagatsha side, okuyinto Banamathele emagatsheni amancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho amaqabunga efihlekile, nezinye izakhiwo Ingase ithanyelwe ngesimo izinwele-efana amaqhubu namangqamuzana epidermal, futhi stipules spikes.

stem Ubukhulu

Ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana nokuthi iyiphi stem, kubalulekile futhi cabanga ngobukhulu bayo. Ukuze zonke izitshalo, ngokuvamile leso kusuke aboveground ingxenye, esihlinzeka ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo futhi ukhonza njengesisebenzi umlamuleli futhi Umhlahlandlela phakathi ohlelweni impande kanye namahlamvu. Ngeziqu ayahluka ngobukhulu kusuka imivini encane rostochku kuze kufinyelele imitha-15 ububanzi isihlahla!

Inani

Uyini stem? Singasho ukuthi lena eksisi emaphakathi, lapho inamathelisiwe zonke neminye imininingwane. Izitshalo eziningi zitholakala ngaphezu kwamanzi, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zawo kungafihlwa stem komhlaba. isimo sawo futhi incazelo atehlukaniseki. Ngenxa esiyingqayizivele isakhiwo amanzi nezakhi ezilethwa kokubili amahlamvu nezimpande. Ukubaluleka stem Akuve, ekuvimbeni lo Umthambo esibalulekile siholela ekufeni zalesi sihlahla. Kunezindlela eziningi kwesicelo zezimboni, kuhlanganise Woodworking (izingodo, izinkuni, amapulangwe). Libuye libe umthombo ocebile kwengaphakathi ngoba iphepha, ezinhlotsheni ezithile sifanamsindvo kungaba umthombo umsoco. Imicu yotshani yayo ifomu eluhlaza ayingxenye izidakamizwa, latex, tannins, imibala nokunye okuningi. Ezinye izinhlobo sifanamsindvo asetshenziswa zokugaya asexual noma vegetative izitshalo.

Inani elikhulu of izicelo

Kunezinkolo eziningi kakhulu zezitshalo kabani sifanamsindvo kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo, ezifana amazambane. Umoba ka umoba luwumthombo oyinhloko ushukela. Maple ushukela ikhiqizwa maple iziqu. Imifino esetshenziswa umoba asparagus, bamboo amahlumela, kohlrabi futhi amanzi onsundu. nesinamoni Spicy - kuyinto amagxolo. Gum arabic kuyinto okufakiwe ukudla ethathwe ngomuthi iziqu. Chicle - lena isakhi esiyinhloko of ushingamu, ekhishwe emthini chicle. Kusukela bamboo ukwenza iphepha, ifenisha, izikebhe, zomculo, izinduku ukudoba, amapayipi amanzi ngisho ukwakha izindlu. Cork is etholakala emagxolweni oki asiyeki. Rattan isetshenziselwa ifenisha nobhasikidi wenza ngeziqu wamasundu ezishisayo. Isibonelo bokuqala ukusetshenziswa le ngxenye ebalulekile plant-papyrus, ethandwa eGibhithe lasendulo. Amber - kuyinto ubisi bethukile kusukela zemithi, esetshenziselwa umhlobiso futhi ingase iqukathe izinsalela izilwane lasendulo. Resin ngokhuni coniferous esetshenziswa ukwenziwa turpentine futhi rosin.