Don (emfuleni). Ezithakazelisa kakhulu mayelana omunye wemifula emikhulu ngokubabazekayo kakhulu eYurophu

Don ingenye nemifula emikhulu eningizimu Russian plain. Yena ngaphambilini wakhonza futhi usaqhubeka ekhonza kube yilolu suku mthombo kwengqondo eziningi zokudala: .. Abaculi, izimbongi, ababhali, njll Umthombo eMfuleni Don, zivela e Tula esifundeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ageleza ehle amagagasi alo ngokusebenzisa Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd futhi Rostov izifunda. Ukuba umgwaqo sasivumela eside futhi emazombezombe, eMfuleni Don agelezela eGulf of yaseTaganrog, unezela amanzi ayo oLwandle Azov.

Izimfanelo umzimba ngamanzi

Don - emfuleni kuyinto ejwayelekile elisezansi mfula ezonini asemaqeleni. Ubude bayo 1870 km, futhi umcengezi endaweni - 422.000 amakhilomitha square. Isilinganiso ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo - 900 cubic metres ngomzuzwana. amaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa ukugeleza kwenzeka ngesikhathi kukazamcolo. Misa-up in the sifinyelela ongenhla emfuleni iqala ngo-November futhi ihlala kuze kube maphakathi no-Ephreli, futhi sifinyelela ephansi - kusuka ekuqaleni kuka-December kuya ngasekupheleni kuka-March. Umbuso kwamanzi lomfula usebhekene kwaba nenguquko ephawulekayo yokwakhiwa wokubacindezela kanye neminye imisebenzi kwezomnotho yomuntu yesimanje. Lapha esakhiwe uNicholas, UConstantine Kochetovskaya, kanye kahle esikhulu Tsimlyansk kwesigubhu. Ukuthumela iqala ngo umlomo Pine, nobude bawo 1600 km. Esikhathini sifinyelela engenhla Don kuya inflow yamanzi Voronezh ahlanzekile, ukungcola ephansi futhi ngezinye izikhathi Waze wangcola bo. Ngalesi emfuleni omkhulu ngokubabazekayo siphela yayithandwa kakhulu izihambeli umzila - kusuka eMoscow kuya Rostov-on-Don.

Amadolobha nemingenela

Ngo 5200 Dong ageleza nemingenela ngaphezulu, ayinhloko kokuba eDonets, Black Kalitva, Pine, eVoronezh Bityug, Bear, Ilovlya, West Manych, Hopper futhi Sal. On the lomfula amanga eningi yasemadolobheni. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke kubo - Kalach-on-Don, Rostov-na-Donu, Volgodonsk, Azov, Liski nabanye. Ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu labantu, umkhakha kanye nezolimo, amanzi eyanele emfuleni ngasekuqaleni 90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule kwaba engaphezu kwengu-15 km ³ / ngonyaka, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi - 10 cubic amakhilomitha, zazo 5.8 km ³ esichithwa izidingo ukukhiqizwa, 2, 4 cubic amakhilomitha - ukunisela. Nokho, ekupheleni 90s ngenxa bomnotho (encishisiwe ukukhiqiza nokubhujiswa nezolimo), ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi yehlile pheze ngesiquntu.

"Isinkwa Sethu Winner, Baba Don I."

Yilawa amazwi ezingoma asendulo Don Cossacks, owathuthela sifinyelela engezansi emfuleni. Yikuphi epithets kuphela abanalo Don abantu abahlala ku ogwini lwayo. Lokhu "inkumbulo igagasi," futhi "emfuleni isikhathi," futhi "umthombo ugqozi" futhi "umfula Don ethule ', nabanye abaningi. Ngesisekelo zonke lezi imiqondo zihlale umthombo wamanzi, umjaho entwasahlobo. Akulona okhokho ukuqondana kwezinto ukubeka at umsuka ngokubabazekayo yesonto emifuleni. Ngako-ke tindlela fontanelle encane oqala iyiphi nemifula, baba endaweni engcwele. Lokho Novomoskovsk, lapho Don has kwaqala ngo-1989 kwaba lesikhumbuzo kule umzimba ngamanzi omkhulu wezwe lakithi - ". Umthombo komfula Don" the Kuyinto ebaziwe - abafana ababili nqunu ngehhashi. Bafanekisela izelamani ezimbili, imifula emibili - Don futhi Shat ezisuka kusukela Ivan Lake.

A ingxubevange abantu

Don - umfula, bephethe amanzi awo izinkulungwane zeminyaka. zezizwe ezihlukahlukene eziphila emhlabeni ngasogwini lwalo, esikhundleni nomunye, futhi ugijimela futhi ugijimela ... Emlandweni eqoshiwe amagama ehlukene banikwa kuye ngenkathi ethile - ukuthi Iran kanye Tanais, nabanye abaningi. Ngekhulu lesithathu BC leminyaka kuya Don emfuleni yasebhange, eduze nendawo Rostov yesimanje, weza izifiki ngesiGreki, futhi wasungula ikoloni. It yaqanjwa igama umzimba amanzi - Tanais. Ngokusho amaGreki asendulo, umfula ihlukaniswe eYurophu nase-Asia. Yiqiniso, akudingekile ukuba inselelo lo mbono, ngoba ngisho ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili wacabanga ososayensi abaningi Russian. Futhi ngisho omkhulu Lomonosov M. V emsebenzini wakhe "On the izingqimba zomhlaba," wabhala ukuthi Urals kufanele kungathathwa njengesigwebo umngcele phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu, eCaucasus esifundeni ngoba Don - kuyinto engokoqobo ehluke ngokuphelele. Futhi namhlanje, naphezu ubumbaxambili sobala kule ndaba, akukho, kungekho, yebo futhi 'uphume "lo mbono. Ngakho ukulandisa ne eCaucasus ongakabi esenyukele emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke yomlando.

Phakathi ukulawula yokuqala yeminyaka AD yesifunda kwakungekaNkulunkulu lokuqala kuya Huns ngalesosikhathi they kwangena Khazars. Ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye, endaweni yesimanje Tsimlyansk kwesigubhu Yakhiwa Sarkel inqaba. Yena bavikela imingcele ntshonalanga ye the Khazar Khanate kuze 1117. Isikhathi waphakamisela abiza kule lenqaba lasendulo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka eledlule, iminonjana yayo ayengayisebenzisa siqonde (amanzi manje lezi zindawo zigcwele we Tsimlyansk Reservoir).

XIII - XVI ekhulwini

Ekhulwini nantathu, Don (umfula) zasinda ekuhlaseleni iGolden zidlamlilo, owabhubhisa bonke nemizana ayimizulane. Nokho, ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eyikhulu uye yaqala futhi ukuhweba kuvuselelwe. uchungechunge yonke imikhumbi badonsekela emzini Tana, ngesikhathi leli koloni Genoese (namuhla Azov) - yayiyisikhungo wenceku. Esikhathini kusuka nanhlanu kuya kweleshumi nesithupha, e sifinyelela engezansi Don Cossacks, sekuqala ukuvela. Ngakho, ngo-1570-ke wathola indawo yokuqala phakathi kwezinye izinhlangano ezifanayo - ngokulandelana ubudala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sekuyindlela eziningi kunazo zonke amabutho Cossack ekhona. Don daredevils babe sihleleke kakhulu futhi sinezingxenye babe amandla ngempela sina ukuthi amabutho esinamandla. Ngakho, ziye zaba ikhanda njalo ngenxa Romanovs, it is kule mvelo kwavela umoya ukudlubulunda, inkululeko kanye nemizwa ubulungiswa.

XVII- XVIII leminyaka

Nge 1670 eminyakeni 1671, uDon (emfuleni) kubhekene ukuvukela Cossack wakhuliswa Stepanom Razinym. Lokhu kuvukela kwaba 'akanangqondo nokungabi nasihe "ngempela, ephelezelwa aphanga futhi ubudlova. Nokho, ngemva kokubulawa Razin ku Bolotnaya Square e Moscow, Don wayengazange ngathola ukuthula kwengqondo. iminyaka eyisithupha nje ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, lapho kugqashuka ekuvukeleni entsha eholwa Kondratiem Bulavinym. Kwakuthinta esibangelwa yokusesha asebenzayo serfs runaway. Ngemva nokucindezela ukuvukela kwezinceku Don Cossacks wayeshonelwe ingxenye yezwe labo, abanye Cossacks baphinde kuya Kuban, iDanube, nabanye - eRomania futhi eTurkey. Serfs babebuyela zabanikazi.

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, umfula wawukade omunye misele eyinhloko okuxoxwa embonini yezokwakha. amandla Omkhulu yazuza Donbass - isifunda esisogwini loMfula Seversky eDonets River - the owumthelela kwesokudla Don. Ngaphezu ekhona lapha kakade kusukela ezimayini zamalahle yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye ngasekupheleni ezakhiwa zobunjiniyela futhi izitshalo Metallurgical, ukudla umkhakha ukukhanya, izitshalo zamakhemikhali. A ukwakhiwa Tsimlyansk amandla kagesi kanye edamini waqala ngo-1948.

Incazelo imikhumbi izici emfuleni omkhulu ngokubabazekayo

Don Shipping iqala ngo Voronezh futhi oLwandle Azov. Futhi emfuleni isebenza ngokuzikhandla. Lo mzila wamanzi ingenye ngobukhulu eYurophu eyayiyingxenye yezwe, ngemva imidondoshiya ezifana iVolga futhi Urals. Ukuze Don ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye ezintathu: engenhla, maphakathi kanye aphansi. Ngakho, ngosuku lokuqala okuyinto ukusakaza emthonjeni emlonyeni, futhi ukuthutheleka Pine epholile. Eceleni edolobheni Kalach-on-Don kuyinto isilinganiso. Ekugcineni, ingxenye yokugcina itholakala phakathi Tsimlyansk ichibi kanye eTaganrog Bay. Ngokuvamile, lokhu emfuleni kunzima ukuzulazula, ngoba endleleni ngempela tortuous, ngokulandelana, futhi isibuyekezo aluphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izindawo angajulile. Futhi Lower Don skippers kufanele wenze esonta lihlakaniphile: izinsimbi kanye isixwayiso uphondo - lokhu akukona konke, omunye hambisa okungalungile isondo, futhi angase abhekane nazo wena sekuvele ngoba umkhumbi turning. Yilokho eMfuleni Don. Rostov-on-Don kuphakamisa semifula indawo 340 amakhilomitha square. Emlanjeni sehlukaniswe eziteshini eziningi futhi imikhono, okubhekiselwe kuyo abakuwo - futhi Erik girla, phakathi kwabo kakhulu - Calancea, Topsy-Turvy futhi Dead eDonets. Ebusika emfuleni embozwe ungqimba obukhulu ice, isilinganiso nqabela-up ingahlala izinyanga ezintathu nesigamu. Phakathi ezingeni amanzi kazamcolo liphume kakhulu, nakuba ingxenye enkulu ogwini iwummango, kodwa kukhona izindawo ephansi amanga. Ngakho izikhukhula lwasentwasahlobo Don - Kuyaziwa.

isiteshi umlando

Umqondo ukuhlanganisa nemifula emibili enamandla isiteshi (iVolga kanye Don), ngakho-ke, i-Azov futhi yoLwandle iCaspian, sekuvakashele Turkish Sultan Selim II, ababehamba ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha Astrakhan. Nokho, ukuze bona, akukho ayengakwenza. Ngemva leli cebo uPetru yalo ivuthe umlilo, kodwa Omkhulu Northern neMpi ukuphazanyiswa kuye kusukela umqondo. Kamuva (kuze 1917), onjiniyela Russian sengilungisile iziteshi engaphezu kuka amathathu wokwakha, Nokho, lezi zinhlelo futhi akuzange kube njalo ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Futhi ezinsukwini zeSoviet Union, iphrojekthi waqalwa. Ngo-1952, ngesikhathi esihamba (eminyakeni emine), ukwakhiwa imikhumbi iVolga-Don Canal yaqedwa. Yakhiwa kwisayithi ye Volgograd ukuze Kalach-on-Don, okwamanje lomfula bukhomba ibanga okungenani - 80 km. Akekho isakhiwo wokubacindezela zezwe zalesi ezidlula ayidalwanga e nesikhathi esifushane kangaka. Ngenxa yalokho, nokuthuma isiteshi iVolga noDon got ukufinyelela kwezilwandle ezinhlanu: Sea of Azov, aseBaltic, White, iCaspian kanye Black. Kanyekanye ukwakhiwa kwalesi imisele yamanzi ezakhiwa Tsimlyansk ichibi nge amandla kagesi.

Fish River Don

Ngegama, lo mfula kutholakala ezingaphezu kuka ayisikhombisa kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Nokho, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ngenxa ukuwohloka okuphawulekayo imvelo esifundeni sika (uwoyela ekuchitheni, udoti, ukusabalala olunzulu ulwelwe oluluhlaza), iningi lawo wathuthela isigaba kakhulu ezingavamile. Lokhu Sturgeon, Sturgeon, Beluga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, engajulile kanye thins aphume labantu eyikati. Ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, ngazithela izimo lapho isisindo kwaba 10 kg. Manje ukubamba eyikati enesisindo 2-3 kg - lokhu kuyimpumelelo enkulu. Ngokuvamile ungathola Pike, carp, bream, Rudd, ongenathemba, burbot, oatmeal. Nasi ukudoba! UMfula Don iyona abacebe izinhlanzi sifinyelela ephansi, kodwa ukungcoliswa sikhulu kakhulu.