Isibopho Metallic: mshini kumiswa. Metal Chemical Ukuxhumana:

Zonke chemical izakhi eyaziwa njengamanje ishadi lesikhathi zihlukaniswe ezinqumela ngamaqembu amabili: izinsimbi kanye non-izinsimbi. Ukuze ube yini izakhi kuphela futhi compounds, amakhemikhali kungaba asabela nomunye, kufanele khona ngesimo compounds elula eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Yingakho abanye electron ozama sokwamukela, kanye nezinye - ukunikeza. Libuyisele amanzi nomunye ukuze yakha ezihlukahlukene kanye nama-molecule zamakhemikhali. Kodwa lokho kubenza ozoba ndawonye? Kungani kukhona lolodaba wamandla, ukubhubhisa wonke abaye banqoba ngisho amathuluzi ezimbi kakhulu? Futhi abanye, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingabe libhujiswa umthelela kancane. Konke lokhu kungenxa kumiswa izinhlobo ezahlukene izibopho zamakhemikhali phakathi ama-athomu e-molecule ukwakha ethize crystal ngehele isakhiwo.

Izinhlobo izibopho zamakhemikhali compounds

Ubude ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokuqonda le izibopho zamakhemikhali.

1. Covalent nonpolar. Obakhiwa nonmetals ezimbili ezifanayo ngenxa ukwabelana electron, ukwakha ezivamile electron ngazimbili. Kwezemfundo, it is ukuwo ayibhangqiwe Valence izinhlayiya. Izibonelo: halogens, umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen, nitrogen, isibabule, phosphorus.
2. covalent Polar. Obakhiwa ezahlukene ze-non-izinsimbi ezimbili noma phakathi enganamandla kakhulu phezu izakhiwo insimbi nonmetal buthakathaka electronegativity. Umsuka jikelele electron ngazimbili kanye zokuwadonsela kuye athomu, ziyezwana ngenhla kabani electron. Izibonelo: NH _{3, sic,} P ₂ O ₅ kanye nezinye.
3. Hydrogen isibopho. I engazinzile kakhulu futhi ubuthakathaka, obakhiwa kuyi-athomu ye electronegative kakhulu elilodwa-molecule kanye nezinye omuhle. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuvamile kakhulu uma siphela izinto emanzini (utshwala, i-ammonia nokunye). Ngenxa uxhumano ezifana angase aziphilele macromolecule amaprotheni, amino nucleic, carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, kanjalonjalo.
4. isibopho ionic. Kwakheka ngenxa electrostatic amabutho ezikhangayo raznozaryazhennyh metal ion futhi okungezona izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Kukhula umehluko kule index, evelele Uyinhloboni ionic nokuxhumana. Izibonelo ezibangela: usawoti kanambambili, kwakwakhe eziyinkimbinkimbi - alikhali.
5. isibopho Metallic, okuyinto lo mshini kwetinhlavu kanye izakhiwo okuzoxoxwa olwengeziwe. Kwakheka ku izinsimbi, Alloys zabo ezihlukahlukene.

Kukhona into efana ubunye isibopho zamakhemikhali. It nje uthi akunakwenzeka cabanga isibopho ngamunye lokuma. Yonke nje uphawu iyunithi. Phela, ngesisekelo konke ukuhlanganyela kuyinto isimiso esisodwa - elektronnostaticheskoe ukuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, ionic, metallic, covalent kunenze nisondelane ne-hydrogen abe olulodwa chemical nemvelo futhi kuphela ezimweni emnceleni komunye nomunye.

Izinsimbi kanye nezici zabo ezingokomzimba

Izinsimbi atholakala iningi zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kungenxa izakhiwo zabo ezikhethekile. Ingxenye enkulu yayo etholwe umuntu ukusabela zenuzi elabhorethri, zingabantu enemisebe nge short isigamu-nokuphila.

Nokho, iningi - kukhona izinto zemvelo ukuthi yakha wonke amatshe imikhando, bayingxenye zezakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuthi laba bantu baye bafunda waphonsa Alloys futhi ukukhiqiza eningi hamba embili ngemikhicito ezibalulekile. Lena ezifana bethusi, bensimbi, aluminium, isiliva, negolide, i-chrome, manganese, nickel, i-zinc, kuholele nabanye.

Ukuze zonke izinsimbi singakwazi ukubona izakhiwo ezivamile ngokomzimba echaza umdwebo metallic isibopho kumiswa. Yiziphi kulezi zici?

1. Malleability futhi ductility. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinsimbi eziningi kungenziwa Kwehla ngisho kuze kube seqophelweni ucwecwe (igolide, aluminium). Of enye wamukela ucingo, metal amashidi nezimo, ama-athikili uyakwazi zikhubazekile ngu umthelela ngokomzimba, kodwa ke usuke kusuka uphelela. Lezi izimfanelo of izinsimbi futhi ubizwa ngokuthi malleability futhi ductility. Isizathu salokhu sici - uhlobo isixhumanisi metal. Athomu kanye electron isihlobo crystal slide nomunye ngaphandle kokuphula, okuvumela ukuba alondoloze ubuqotho lonke isakhiwo.
2. ayebuthaka metallic. Lokhu kuchaza isibopho metallic, ukwakheka indlela zezici zalo nezici. Ngakho, akuyona yonke izinhlayiya bayakwazi ukuncela noma kubonise amaza okukhanya ubude alinganayo. Atoms izinsimbi kakhulu futhi zibonisa iDemo-wave Rays babe kakhulu iyunifomu umbala silvery, omhlophe, ukuphaphatheka imibala bluish. Okuhlukile ithusi negolide, umbala yabo ngokubomvu phuzi futhi zibe bomvu, ngokulandelana. Bayakwazi zibonisa isikhathi eside-wavelength ngemisebe.
3. conductivity ezishisayo kagesi kanye. Lezi izindawo futhi achaze uhlaka crystal ngehele nangaleso lasungulwa yaqaphela uhlobo metallic izibopho. Ngenxa "electron igesi" ezihambayo ngaphakathi crystal, kagesi nokushisa ngokushesha futhi ngokulinganayo basakaza phakathi kwazo zonke kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ion futhi baqhuba ngokusebenzisa metal.
4. I okuqinile isimo aggregate ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Lapha, ngaphandle kuphela mercury. Zonke nezinye izinsimbi - kuyadingeka eqinile, ukuxhumana okuqinile, kanye Alloys yabo. Libuye umphumela yokuthi ebukhoneni isibopho metal kwensimbi. Lo mshini kumiswa lolu hlobo kuyizinhlayiyana ngibopha izakhiwo kuqinisekiswe ngokuphelele.

Lokhu izici eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama ukuze izinsimbi, echaza futhi inquma ncamashi umdwebo metallic isibopho kumiswa. compounds ahambisanayo indlela enjalo kuyinto kuya kuma-atom metal izakhi, Alloys yabo. Lokho ngabo a okuqinile futhi isimo uketshezi.

uhlobo Metallic lwesibopho chemical

Yini sici? Into wukuthi kwakheka ubuhlobo obunjalo is hhayi raznozaryazhennyh ion futhi Luhambo electrostatic hhayi ngenxa umehluko electronegativity futhi ukutholakala khulula electron ngazimbili. Okungukuthi ionic, metallic, covalent isibopho eziningana imvelo ezahlukene kanye nezici ehlukile izinhlayiya oxhumanisa.

Zonke insimbi kukhona izici esingokwemvelo ezifana:

• esincane electron yangaphandle amandla ezingeni (ngaphandle okuthile okuhlukile, okuyiwona kungase kube 6.7 futhi 8);
• engaba amakhulu e-athomu;
• ongaphakeme ionization amandla.

Konke lokhu kunomthelela ngokwahlukana lula electron ayibhangqiwe umnyombo yangaphandle. Kulokhu, lo orbitals khulula kuyi-athomu ye uhlala kakhulu. Isikimu we kunenze nisondelane metallic nje sizobonisa amaseli amaningi agqagqene zama-athomu ezahlukene esemkhathini phakathi kwabo, okuyinto nomphumela intracrystalline futhi yakha isikhala ezivamile. Usebenzela electron kusukela athomu ngalinye ukuthi uqale ngokukhululekile azulazule etincenyeni letehlukene eheleni. Ngezikhathi, ngasinye sazo exhunywe ion in the crystal iyunithi futhi oguqula it athomu ke bathinteka futhi, ukwakha ion.

Ngenxa yalokho, isibopho metallic - oluyisibopho phakathi ama-athomu, ion futhi electron khulula isiyonke crystal metal. Ifu-electron, sebehamba ngokukhululeka besuka ezweni ngaphakathi isakhiwo, kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengamadoda electron igesi ". Sachazelwa kubo, iningi izakhiwo ngokomzimba of izinsimbi kanye Alloys yabo.

Kanjani ngokukhethekile nokobana a metallic chemical isibopho? Izibonelo zihlukile. Ake sicabangele ucezu lithium. Ngisho uma uthatha nenkundla ipea, kunezinkulungwane zama-athomu. Ngakho ake sicabange ukuthi ngalinye lala izinkulungwane zama-athomu inika electron Valence ovamile crystalline isikhala esisodwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokwazi isakhiwo electronic element, ungabona inombolo orbitals singenamuntu. Ngezinye lithium kwabo 3 (wesibili p-esemkhathini amandla ezingeni). Three athomu amashumi ezinkulungwane ngamunye - lena isikhala ezivamile ngaphakathi crystal, lapho "igesi electronic" ihamba ngokukhululeka.

Into njalo eqinile metallic isibopho. Phela, igesi electron akuvumeli crystal bawe, kodwa usekhuluma kuphela izingqimba abese elulama. It glitters abe kwabantu abathile (komzimba), fusibility, malleability futhi ductility.

Kukuphi lapho beqaphela isibopho metallic? Izibonelo izinto:

• izinsimbi telulwimi letilula;
• zonke Alloys metal nomunye;
• zonke izinsimbi kanye Alloys yabo esimweni liquid okuqinile.

izibonelo eziqondile zimane isamba Amazing, ngoba metal ethebuleni gqwa, ezingaphezu kuka-80!

isibopho Metallic: mshini kumiswa

Uma sicabanga ke ngokuya Ngokuvamile, lawo ngamaphuzu ayinhloko esekelwe siye echazwe ngenhla. Ukutholakala kwe-orbitals-athomu kanye electron bathinteka kalula kusuka nucleus ngenxa ongaphakeme ionization amandla - izimo esiyinhloko kumiswa lolu hlobo lokuxhumana. Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi ke luyasetshenziswa phakathi izinhlayiya ezilandelayo:

• zama-athomu eheleni crystal;
• electron mahhala, okwakukhona ngaleso Valence we insimbi;
• ion e eheleni crystal.

Umphumela - isibopho metallic. Mshini kumiswa ngokuvamile esashiwo entry elandelayo: Me ^{0 -} e - ↔ Me ^{n +.} Kusukela umdwebo ngokusobala, noma yimuphi izinhlayiya metal bukhona crystal.

Okunamandla ngokwabo kungase kudingeke ezihlukile. It kuncike impahla ngawo sisebenzelana.

Izinhlobo metal zinhlayiya

Lesi sakhiwo we metal noma ingxubevange yayo has a emasakeni obukhulu kakhulu izinhlayiya. Linikeza ion in the sites crystal. Ngamandla abo, wathi eheleni kungaba tabobunjwa weJiyomethri emkhathini.

1. Obemnotsentricheskaya cubic ngehele - izinsimbi alikhali.
2. Hexagonal isakhiwo compact - konke ane-alikhali, ngaphandle barium yombala.
3. Granetsentricheskaya cubic - aluminium, ithusi, zinc, abaningi ushintsho izinsimbi.
4. isakhiwo Rhombohedral - le mercury.
5. Tetragonal - indium.

I izinsimbi ezisindayo kanye aphansi itholakala ohlelweni gqwa, kuya kuba nzima nakakhulu emaphaketheni Iinhlangano kwezendawo crystal. Uma lokhu steel chemical isibopho, izibonelo zazo zingancishiswa ngayinye metal elikhona juqu ukwakhiwa crystal. Alloys unayo inhlangano zahlukahlukene kakhulu emkhathini, ezinye zazo zisekhona abaqondanga ngokugcwele okwamanje.

Ukucaciswa Ukuxhumana: nondirectionality

Covalent nensimbi isibopho has a liphinyiselwe kakhulu isici esiphawuleka. Ngokungafani ngowokuqala, isibopho metallic akuyona iqondiswe. Kusho ukuthini? Okungukuthi, abangabantwana ifu electron ngaphakathi crystal ihamba ngokukhululekile ngempela ngaphakathi-ke bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, ngamunye electron kuyinto ukwazi ukujoyina ngokuphelele yimuphi ion kule nokwakheka ISIZINDA. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana nokuxhumana Kwenziwa bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Ngakho-ke, bathi isibopho metallic - non-ohlangothini.

Lo mshini covalent isibopho kuhilela kumiswa wabelane electron ngazimbili, amafu ie-atom amancanyana kuyenzeka ihlangane. Futhi kwenzeka ngokuqinile ku umugqa othile yokuxhuma izikhungo zabo. Ngakho-ke, ukukhuluma isiqondiso uxhumano enjalo.

saturability

Lesi sici ibonisa ikhono ukuzulazula kwama-athomu okwesikhathi ukuxhumana limited noma angenamkhawulo nabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, covalent yabo bonke abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila metal kule inkomba futhi bahlukene.

Eyokuqala ugcwele. Atoms ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni kwakhona inombolo esinqunyiwe wangaphandle Valence electron abahileleke ngokuqondile ukwakheka kwakwakhe. Angaphezu kuka ukudla, ngeke kube electron. Ngakho-ke, inani izibopho kwakhiwa Valence elinganiselwe. Yingakho Saturation ngenxa. Ngenxa lesi sici sesihlahla iningi compounds it has a njalo amakhemikhali ukwakheka.

Metal ne-hydrogen izibopho, ngakolunye uhlangothi, okungezona yokumatisa. Lokhu kungenxa eziningi electron mahhala futhi orbitals ngaphakathi crystal. Nendima eyadlalwa athomu e-crystal ngehele amasayithi, ngamunye okungase athomu kanye ion futhi nganoma isiphi isikhathi.

Esinye isici ngesibopho metallic - delocalization yangaphakathi electron efwini. It kubonakala ikhono esincane electron wabelane ukuxhumanisa sebuningini izinsimbi of nuclei athomu. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana kwabantu delocalized njengoba kwasakazwa ngokulinganayo emkhatsini wawo onkhe emayunithi we crystal.

Izibonelo ukwakha isibopho in izinsimbi

Cabangela embodiments ezimbalwa eziqondile, okuyinto Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba yaba nobuhlobo metallic is. Izibonelo I izinto ezilandelayo:

• zinc;
• aluminium;
• potassium;
• -chrome.

Metal isibopho kumiswa phakathi ama-athomu zinc: Zn ^{0 -} 2e - ↔ Zn ^2+. zinc-athomu inamazinga amane amandla. orbitals Mahhala esekelwe isakhiwo electronic, it has 15 - 3 p orbitals, 4 d 5 futhi 7 ku 4F. isakhiwo Electronic zihlanganisa: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2P ⁶ bo-3 3p ⁶ 4s ² 3d ¹⁰ 4D 4p ^{0 0 0} 4F, ama-electron-athomu angu-30 kuphela. Okungukuthi, Valence khulula izinhlayiya ezimbili ezimbi ayakwazi ukuthuthela ngaphakathi 15 orbitals libanzi futhi akekho matasa kuwo. Futhi ngakho-athomu ngalinye. Umphumela - isikhala jikelele omkhulu owakhiwa orbitals engenanto, nezikhuni esincane electron ngokuxhumanisa isakhiwo sonke ndawonye.

Isibopho metallic phakathi ama-athomu aluminium: AL ^{0 -} e - ↔ AL ^3+. Nantathu ama-athomu electron aluminium elise emazingeni amathathu amandla, basuke entula ngokuchichima ngokucacile. isakhiwo Electronic: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2P ⁶ bo-3 3p ^{1 2 0} 3d. Mahhala orbitals - 7 izicucu. Ngokusobala, efwini electron kuyoba lincane uma liqhathaniswa Imininingwane yangaphakathi isikhala mahhala crystal.

I-chromium metallic isibopho. Lo msuka esithile isakhiwo kuma-computer. Phela, eliletha ukuthula ukwehluleka uhlelo kwenzeka nge-electron 4s ukuze 3d esemkhathini: 1s 2s ² 2P ^{2 6 2} bo-3 4s 3p ^{6 1 5} 4p 3d 4D ^{0 0 0} 4F. 24 kuphela electron Valence okuyizinto ezibalulekile eziyisithupha. Aya ezivamile isikhala electronic kumiswa isibopho zamakhemikhali. orbitals Mahhala 15, ukuthi namanje okukhulu kunalokhu edingekayo ukugcwalisa. Ngakho-ke, i-chromium - njengesibonelo ejwayelekile ye metal ngesibopho esithile okuhambisanayo engqamuzaneni.

Omunye izinsimbi ezimatasa ukuthi usabela ngisho ngamanzi abavamile nomlilo, kuyinto potassium. Yini ebangela izakhiwo ezinjalo? Nalapha futhi, ngezindlela eziningi - uhlobo metallic lwesibopho. Electron isici 19 kuphela, kodwa zitholakala kakhulu ngendlela 4 amazinga energy. Lokho 30 ezahlukene orbitals sublevels. isakhiwo Electronic: 1s 2s ² 2P ^{2 6 2} bo-3 4s 3p ^{6 1 0} 4p 3d 4D ^{0 0 0} 4F. Kuphela ezimbili Valence electron nge aphansi kakhulu ionization amandla. Mahhala eyanyatheliswa ngalo bese uya isikhala ezivamile electronic. Orbitals ukuhambisa athomu elilodwa izingcezu 22, isb isikhala sihlanganise indawo ebanzi kakhulu ngokuba "electron igesi".

Letifanako kanye netintfo letehlukile nezinye izinhlobo izibopho

Ngokuvamile, le ndaba iye kakade okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla. Omunye kungaba kuphela kuvame futhi bafinyelele esiphethweni. I ehlukile main kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo izici ukukhulumisana metal zinhlayiya yilezi:

• izinhlobo eziningana izinhlayiya iqhaza kule nqubo ye abophe (ama-athomu, ion noma ama-athomu, ion, ama-electron);
• ezahlukene ngekwendzawo isakhiwo Jomethri ye zinhlayiya.

Nge-hydrogen ne-metal ionic ihlanganisa satiation futhi undirected. Nge covalent polar - Luhambo eqinile electrostatic phakathi izinhlayiya. Endaweni ehlukile, ion - uhlobo izinhlayiya e amaphuzu crystalline ngehele (ion). Nge covalent nonpolar - zama-athomu amasayithi crystal.

Izinhlobo izibopho in izinsimbi ezahlukene isimo aggregate

Njengoba sibonile ngenhla, metallic chemical isibopho, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa enikezwa esihlokweni, yakheke ezimbili zithi aggregation izinsimbi kanye Alloys yabo: okuqinile futhi uketshezi.

Umbuzo uwukuthi: Hlobo luni lokuhlakanipha uxhumano ngentukuthelo metal? A: Covalent elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye nonpolar. Njengazo zonke compounds ekhona gas. Lokho ziklebhukile, isakhiwo crystal agcinwe ngesikhathi Ukushisa eside kwensimbi futhi ulithumele kusuka esiqinile zokuxhumana ketshezi. Nokho, uma kuziwa uthumele uketshezi isimo umusi, crystal libhujiswa metallic isibopho is kuguquka covalent.