Rebuttal - Iyini? okusho

Rebuttal - okuhlukile-agumenti okuhloswe ngaso inselele mqondo, ubufakazi groundlessness yayo. Ukuze kuzuzwe miphumela, kubalulekile ukuthola izizathu yangempela.

inqubo Izici

Iyini indaba ecatshangwe? Okwakushiwo bezama ukuchaza ukuthi Nikolay Kopernik. Babeye sakha isimiso ngokugcwele ubufakazi, ngawo wakwazi ukubonisa ohlelweni geocentric, kusungulwe lukaPtolemy. Ngo biology, imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iye akhiwa lapho Linnean ukwazi ekuphikiseni ukugomela we ukuqinisela of zezitshalo nezilwane.

izinhlobonhlobo Ukuphika

Kunezinhlobo eziningana izinhlobo ezahlukene lo mqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona izinhlobo ezinjalo Ukuphika, okungaba amagugu ngalesinye sikhatsi kuyehluka. Lokhu critique-agumenti we mqondo, chaza ubudlelwane obukhona phakathi kwabo.

Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuphikisa. Kunoma ikuphi, zingabantu esibanzi. Ukuze eNkantolo njengesibonelo, sicabanga kuphela ubufakazi ubumsulwa umsolwa (ummangalelwa) umuntu.

Nalowo oyobhekwa okukhulunywe nokuthola ngokuqiniseka kwezomthetho. Hhayi okwamanje wathola ubufakazi obucacile wecala, umuntu angeke abekwe icala.

Ukwakhiwa Ukuphika

Yiziphi imithetho ukuphikisa? Kuhlanganisa mqondo, ingxabano, ukuboniswa. Injongo kuba njalo okuphambene igoli ubufakazi. Uma kwafakazela iqiniso mqondo, kulesi simo, kufanele sigcizelelwe falsity yayo. Rebuttal - usesho izahlulelo umsindo futhi kuyiqiniso ezisiza ekuboneni isixhumanisi okunengqondo phakathi izimpikiswano iziphakamiso, futhi ukusungula ukwehluleka ukufakazela falsity we mqondo abakhethiwe. Ukuze abonise isidingo ukuze usungule uxhumano okunengqondo phakathi izimpikiswano mqondo, chaza unproven. Uma ungakwazi ukuhlonza falsity okungenani omunye umphumela onengqondo, kungashiwo wagomela mayelana kungathembeki salo lonke ulwazi esiphikisayo.

amasu ukuphikisa

Njengoba omunye eyamukelayo, okuyothi lingasethwa ethize falsity mqondo wenza ubuqiniso isiqinisekiso kuphikisa yayo. Ekusunguleni kuvezwa ukwethembakala mqondo akukho umbuzo iqiniso layo.

Noma yimuphi rebuttal - luyimfuneko ekufuneni iqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, lwanele ukuthola phakathi amabhere amaningi ezinsundu ngabanye ezimhlophe ekuphikiseni egomela ukuthi bonke abantu nsundu kuphela. Ukuphika izinsolo zokuthi wonke amaplanethi babe iziphuphutheki, singakwazi ucaphune isibonelo iplanethi Venus, hhayi kokuba kubo.

Ababili, ungasebenzisa lezi amasu ukuze achithe izinsolo iyiphi i-agumenti, kungakhathaliseki iziphi izizathu ezinikezwayo sasekelwa. Uma mqondo ukuletha umphumela kwamanga noma ukuthola ubufakazi bokungafani weqiniso, singathola ubufakazi we falsity we mqondo. Kulokhu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuzosetshenziswa njengephuzu lokuphikisa, bona iyohlala kuze kakhulu mqondo. Mhlawumbe isiqinisekiso nowukuphela imvume, ngoba imicabango yamanga ubufakazi alikho.

Lapho ukuqoka mqondo nge justifications ungathumela ukusebenza Ukuphika ngokumelene ngukulungisiswa. Noma yimuphi rebuttal - kokuhlinzwa, okuyinto ihlose ukuthola agumenti okuthembekile. Ubuze besimo agumenti kwembula mqondo efanayo, ngesisekelo ukuguquguquka, ukuphikisana wembula amaqiniso.

sokuhoxisa Kuthunyelwe kungenzeka kakhulu ubudlelwano phakathi mqondo futhi impikiswano. Ezimweni ezinjalo kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuthi mqondo engalandeli kusukela agumenti ukuthi ethulwa isiqinisekiso yakhe. Uma kungekho uxhumano okunengqondo phakathi mqondo futhi impikiswano ngeke ukhulume ubufakazi mqondo ngosizo agumenti esetshenziswa.

Ngokwesibonelo

Cabangela isibonelo esikhethekile eziphathelene ekuphikiseni mqondo. Citizen Ivanov Boris esolwa ukwenza ukugqekeza. Ukuthatha lokhu nkulumo okwesikhathi mqondo, sizama uhlole ubuqiniso bayo, ngokuthini nemiphumela ukuthi ulandele kuwo. Ngenxa yalokho lokuqala, sicabangela zeminwe ababesele phezu izinto futhi basonta Ivanov B.

Umphumela yesibili kuyoba isihlangu elilandelayo itholakale ilele phansi endaweni yesehlakalo. They hamba izicathulo okwakungokwenkosi Ivanov B. Izakhamuzi (ofakazi) akuchaze ukubonakala ukuthi umuntu ongaziwa, ngubani ukubukeka okungaguquki ngokugcwele isakhamuzi Ivanova B.

Ngo-laboratory izifundo yehlulekile ukuthola isiqinisekiso imiphumela yokuqala emibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sasingekho ngamaphesenti ayikhulu okufanayo phakathi incazelo lofakazi ihlanganiswe isithombe indoda nesithombe wangempela isakhamuzi Ivanova B. Ngenxa yalokho, sakwazi ukuqinisekisa falsity lwempikiswano, le AMANGA we mqondo, ukuphikisa wako, ukuze udedele amacala ayebekwe umsolwa Ivanov B.

isiphetho

I ukuphikisa we mqondo ingasetshenziswa ngokumelene emaphuzwini mqondo, ukuboniswa yayo. Okwamanje, ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile kwanoma iyiphi indaba ecatshangwe we mqondo. Ngokungafani ngokungaqondile, i-agumenti oqondile ulungisiswa ngaphandle kukhulunywa enye izinsolo. Le ndlela ivumela engenangqondo we mqondo ngokusebenzisa ubufakazi bezimo. ukuphikisa ngokuvamile lakhiwa ukufuna ubufakazi balokho engaqondile ephambene. Ngokwesibonelo, Democritus refutes umqondo wokuthi "konke kuyiqiniso." indlela enjalo ingase ibe ukusungula falsity ka antitheses, ngiphakamisa base ubufakazi. Le nqubo siyasetshenziswa njengamanje criminologists nabaphenyi abathintekayo ekuvezweni amacala eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Kuye ngalokho yinkimbinkimbi izifushaniso ihlaziye, izindlela ezahlukene ukuphikisa zabo noma isiqinisekiso. Abaphenyi baye basebenzisa zonke izindlela ezichazwe ngenhla (ngamunye njengoba edingekayo) e umsebenzi. Leli qhinga kunikeza Chile oqondile. It ikuvumela ukufakazela icala lowo omonile, ukuze achithe izinsolo ngokumelene umuntu ongenacala.