Rome Okwesithathu - lena ... Kungani eMoscow - Third eRoma?

ngabe amagama noma imicabango zivame lezinombolo zomlando bunyukubaliswe umusa elibusayo noma imibono evamile? Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, imfundiso engenangozi Nietzsche sika superman kaNkulunkulu ngaphakathi kithi. Ubaholele Germany kanye nezwe ukuze impi yezwe, kanye balingane - kuya Olusheshayo kanye gay nokuziqhenya umbukiso. umlando Russian amumethe imiqondo enjalo: bona vela njalo lapho isizwe kudingeka enze isinqumo. Omunye zalezi zinkolelo-mbono - legend of the Third eRoma. Kungani eMoscow - Third eRoma, kanjani ukuqonda ke namuhla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indela ephansi wacabanga amazwi akhe ayoba baqagela amakhulu eminyaka? Ake sixoxe ngalokhu esihlokweni sethu.

iqala kanjani: uhlamvu Philotheus

Kudala, emashumini eminyaka yokuqala yekhulu XVI., Pskov mongameli Filofei wabhala uchungechunge izincwadi. Eyokuqala - uphawu lwesiphambano - wakhuluma lokuya e-Grand Prince Vasily, kwesibili - ngokumelene Ababhula Ngezinkanyezi - igosa, umambuli yenkosana. Kwakuyincwadi evela ka zixwayisa izingozi isikhathi: bezinkanyezi ka izihlubuki futhi muzhelozhtsev. Sikhalo umbusi ubiza "umqaphi sobukhosi isonto" wakhe "inkosi yawo wonke amaKristu", eMoscow amakhowe "umbuso", okuyinto lwabuthana wonke amazwe Christian, ukwakha lapha isikhungo obungokomoya balabo Orthodox - "romeyskoy umbuso", eRoma. Futhi okunye: "Pali eRoma lokuqala nelesibili; zezitsha yesithathu bese kuthi owesine ngeke kwenzeke. "

Akwaziwa noma ngabe Filofei umsunguli we lo mqondo. Ngokwemibiko ethile, Metropolitan Zosima izinhlamvu kubhekwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela Third eRoma iminyaka engu-30 ngaphambi Pskov indela. Echaza okushiwo okufanayo Zosima waseMoscow walibiza ngokuthi "owalandela waseConstantinople esikhundleni." Ukuze siqonde lokho okushiwo abantu abasontayo isiRashiya, kubalulekile ukuba shí umlando sikhathi.

Isimo zomlando

Ngo 1439 Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople waphetha neRoma-Florentine Union, beqaphela igunya of uPapa nokulondoloza zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni emikhosini esisemthethweni kuphela. Kwakuyinkathi nzima BoMbuso WaseByzantium: WaseTurkey-Turks wema ngasemnyango, esongela uzibuse. WaseConstantinople wayenethemba lokuthi ukwesekwa amakhosi Western ekulweni bahlaseli, kodwa ngosizo akazange afike.

Ngo-1453-dolobha lanqotshwa, inzalamizi futhi umbusi abulawa. Kwaba ukuphela Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma.

Isikhundla Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia

Kuze kube kuleli qophelo umbusi ophakeme Russian esontweni lendawo futhi makhosi ayengase ugcobe kuphela inzalamizi - umbambeli kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni - kuphela eConstantinople, lokhu incarnation wobuntu umbuso kaKristu. Ngalo mqondo, Russian bathembele umakhelwane wayo osempumalanga. kudala Grand Duke amangalelwe isihloko wasebukhosini. Ngo 1472, u-Ivan III ngisho ushadile nge uZoe (UZandile) Palaeologus, indodakazi yokugcina waseByzantium. Ngalo, Ivan wacosha ukhozi njengoba iwuphawu isimo esisha. Ngokusemthethweni, wayekufanelekela emazweni yokhokho - ilifa umkakhe.

Kusukela umbono kwabefundisi isiRashiya, inyunyana kwaba ukukhashelwa iSonto Lobu-Orthodox, sokuhamba ukukhukhuleka okholweni lweqiniso. Empire ibhadelwe ayehlasela amaSulumane. Romeyskoe umbuso - patrimony kukaKristu, futhi nalo ilungelo inzalamizi, waya nenqaba kuphela okusele zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni - Isonto Russian. Lapha manje simi Third Rome - lokhu lombuso wasemhlabeni kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni.

I inqwaba lokuqala nelesibili

Ngokusho Philotheus, eRoma okokuqala - OwaPhakade lingumuzi wasendulo, elabhujiswa ekhulwini IX. abayimizulane ngemva ukwehlukana amasonto entshonalanga nasempumalanga. Latins zingene shí "Apolinarievoy baqede 'wakhaphela izimiso Kristu. Romeyskoe umbuso wathuthela eConstantinople.

Okwesibili eRoma ngokuqinile wasukumela ngekhulu XVI., Bese labhujiswa WaseTurkey-Turks beziphindiselela ukuze akhaphele ezingokomoya. Isiphetho-Florentine Union kwathathwa njengosongo baqede, kusukela lapho Russian Grand Duke, kamuva iNkosi, kwakudingeka aqaphe Rus.

Okwesithathu Rome - eMoscow

Kungakhathaliseki ngamagama Philotheus ukubala zezombusazwe? Yiqiniso, umbuso kaNkulunkulu kufanele babe amandla eqinile emaphakathi kanye nethonya enkundleni ngamazwe. Kodwa hhayi ekhathalele isimo sezombangazwe Pskov indela.

Ngemva iSonto Russian eliyifa amalungelo Sabefundisi eByzantium, yilesi:

1. Uzibuse, Metropolitan akuzange kudingeke ukuba ibhocobale eConstantinople, wamiswa kusukela abefundisi bendawo, hhayi kusukela namaGreki.
2. umbusi Russian wakwazi ukushada isikhulu phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi futhi abathi isivikelo sakhe.

Umqondo Third eRoma kwafakazelani nombhali zincwadi zeziprofetho - izindaba zeTestamente Elidala emibuso emine yomhlaba zayiqinisa, izilo ezine. Eyokuqala - yabantu abangamaqaba - babhubha izinsuku, i-Asiriya, futhi i-Yurophu ubudala. Eyesibili umbuso - Latin (Rome sidilizwa), eqinisweni umKristu wokuqala; eyesithathu - waseByzantium. Okwesine - umhlaba - abe owokugcina, njengoba uzobhubhisa Ukristu yena futhi ngazisa ukuthi ukuphela kwezwe.

Imilayezo ye-monk kwaba yokwesaba ngaphezulu apocalypse kuka siyaziqhenya ukuvelela Russian Church. Uma eMoscow ziyowa futhi bayasilela, hhayi nje ubuKristu - kuzoba ukuphela lwesintu. Ngakho isikhulu, owayigcoba Metropolitan isiRashiya, kufanele ukuthi avikele ukholo amaSulumane infidels futhi baqede, kuhlanganise ubuKatolika kweqiniso.

Indlela ingalamukela izwi Philotheus emphakathini?

Ngokungafani umbhali silahle ithemba, abefundisi Russian ziye zakhomba uhlangothi oluhle umqondo: ukuziqhenya nobukhulu. Rome Okwesithathu - lena insika lonke wobuKristu. Akumangazi ukuthi kuze kube ngaphandle kwekuhlela kabusha Nikon e-izindaba kanye ngemifanekiso kuzo zonke izindlela Ixoxwa Monakhovo amazwi:

1. Novgorod "The Tale of the cowl elimhlophe" (1600) uthi endulo Konstantin Veliky wanika Metropolitan Sylvester cap - uphawu osesikhundleni esiphakeme kobufundisi. mongameli Russian amahloni futhi akazange amukele isipho, kodwa esifuze ngokusebenzisa Novgorod uye wabuyela eMoscow, lapho kufanele wathatha umbusi omusha.
2. Umfanekiso we umqhele Monomakh: indlela Russia kwakungafanele engokwenkolo nowezwe zobungoma bobukhosi, okuyinto Kwadlula ngokomthetho kaNkulunkulu agcotshiwe - ngowokuqala Tsar Ivan le Kubi.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwaba nzima isikhathi ubunye emazweni Russian kusimo esihlanganisiwe Russian, akukho lapho imiculu lesemtsetfweni, nomqondo Okwesithathu eRoma akuzwakali. Okungenzeka ngesisekelo okungenhla, ukuphetha ngokuthi umqondo imfashini phakathi kwabefundisi bama-, owalwela inkululeko kweBandla, amalungelo alo. A isikhathi eside kakhulu , lo mbono waba ayinakho ukubaluleka zezombusazwe.

Okwesithathu eRoma futhi Nikon

Lasekuqaleni umsindo Philotheus kwaba umbhikisho hhayi kuphela ngokumelene amaSulumane, kodwa ngokumelene baqede. Kuyaqondakala njengoba isayensi, kanye nanoma imiphi eminye emisha. Nikon kabusha ubunye emikhosini engokwenkolo wayebuye Ukuhamba avela esikweni. Nikon abasekeli uHabakuki waqonda njengoba Umphik'ukristu - nalesi silo sesine, oluyobhubhisa zinyanga romeyskoy umbuso.

Ngokusemthethweni Philotheus imibhalo nayo yonke tinganekwane ngemifanekiso, okuyinto waveza ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile-mbono ye-Pskov indela bavinjelwa ngoba abazange bazibonise semthethweni imithetho Old Amakholwa '. I abasezinhlanganweni sebelithathile lo mbono naye eSiberia zezindela akude. Kuze kube manje, emthethweni bakholelwa ukuthi Okwesithathu Rome - lokhu kuyinto isonto elidala OT eMoscow okukhona kuze abaziphila - abameleli balo kweqiniso kuphela.

Kwabe sekwenzekani?

Kwakubonakala mayelana nomqondo Okwesithathu eRoma Nesonto ukhohliwe, futhi elite zezombusazwe. Kodwa engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili kwathiwa nazalwa kabusha. Mayelana ukusungulwa the wezinzalamizi Sobukhosi eRussia nokuthi abantu Russian bawadinga ngokuphuthumayo umqondo wobunye esaba, Philotheus izincwadi zanyatheliswa. Yaba theory atholakalayo: "Moscow - Third eRoma", ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto ayishintshanga kangako: sikhulume baqede ususwe, kusale kuphela izwi mayelana amaSulumane.

sefilosofi Russian Vladimir Ikonnikov kwahlongozwa incazelo, kuqinisa ukuzishaya yasebukhosini kanye imibono evamile eRussia: Moscow liwile eByzantium wathatha endaweni yalo efanele kwamaZwe, kuba - ungumsindisi ubuKristu futhi esintwini, ngenxa "IRoma wesine ngeke." Lena indima yayo yomlando, umgomo wayo, ngesisekelo salokhu, ke unelungelo ukuba umbuso wezwe.

Okwalandela ukuguqulwa theory

Kusukela kuleso sikhathi Okwesithathu eRoma ngokuthi Russia njengoba yindawo lwesintu, kokubalula umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu. Ikakhulukazi ukuqinisa lo mqondo futhi wazama Slavophiles panslavinisty. Soloviev, isibonelo, wayekholelwa ukuthi Russia has indima ebalulekile ubunye eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, ngawo wonke amaKristu ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Isazi-mlando u-Ivan Kirillov wabhala ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela eMoscow njengoba Okwesithathu eRoma, lena umqondo Russian kazwelonke lokuzibusa, ukuzinyeza, lapho ilizwe siswele naso sonke lesi sikhathi. AmaKristu obu-Orthodox akufanele kuphela hlanganani zonke izizwe anobuhlobo, kodwa futhi hit Muslim uMbuso WaseTurkey, ukuthi akukhona ehlaselwa kuqala. Phakathi sempi emazweni aseBalkan imibono kwaduma kakhulu phakathi kwabantu.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi izwi Philotheus ekugcineni baba zezombusazwe, kuthiwa Ukubaluleka okukhulu okungokomoya futhi ecclesial ngaxoshwa.

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet,

Imfundiso iye ngokuhunyushwa ngezindlela ezahlukene ngesikhathi kumiswa likahulumeni waseSoviet, kodwa lapho kufika Stalin abangu wafunda, wafunda zemihla ngemihla nama-legends. Kuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi umqondo romeyskoy Imibuso ezihlobene kuphela izinto ezingokomoya.

Lokhu kuyaqondakala. Isimo enkulu wamaSoviet wawungafuni Udinga neminye, ngaphezu ukunqoba wobukhomanisi emhlabeni wonke zenze nezizwe ezingomakhelwane. Futhi inkolo wawuvinjelwe. Tales of the Pskov indela ngisho kwasuswa izincwadi.

namuhla

I Union waseSoviet uwa, abantu baphendukela kuNkulunkulu bese futhi waqala ukubheka umlando wayo Amacebo indlela Russian. zonke zocwaningo futhi izincwadi zikhishwa abavuswa Philotheus ukuba Berdyaev futhi Solovyov, uchaze ukuthi kungani eMoscow - Third eRoma. Kuzo zonke izincwadi umlando njengoba imibono yezombangazwe waya ukuthi njengoba ezikhathini zanamuhla zabonisa abantu Russian endaweni efanele yentuthuko. Abashisekeli bezwe waphinda ukhuluma ngani umsebenzi Russian emlandweni wezwe.

Nokho, inkolo namuhla ahlukaniswa kubantu, umuntu wokuqala kuleli zwe ngokuvamile esontweni, owethulwa zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni izifundo ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi, ukulalela Umbhishobhi, ukuthatha izixazululo zamanxusa. Wena ungaba kanjani simangale ukuthi umqondo we Okwesithathu eRoma ososayensi zezombusazwe Western ngokuvamile ukuchaza indawo Russia enkundleni ngamazwe!

Ngakho Panslavism, Bolshevism, expansionism Soviet, Russian umqondo kazwelonke, indlela yeqiniso, mission mlando - konke lokhu kuchaza nomqondo Okwesithathu eRoma, echazwe indela Filofeem eminyakeni 1523-1524. Kungakhathaliseki umfundisi wayazi ukuthi amazwi akhe uzothola isicelo ebanzi? Uma uhlola umongo weyesi we (egcwele imiyalezo okuqoshiwe), futhi isimo zomlando, singabona ukuthi lokhu kwenza umbala obomvana amakhulu kwezombusazwe theory lapho. Kuphela zenkolo, ezibhubhisayo, okwesabekayo ukuzimela besonto amandla Russian Church. Nokho, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka amaningana Philotheus izwi kodwa waphakamisela bexhashazwa labo ingazuza ukwelashwa okuhlukile futhi atholwe nenye incazelo. namuhla kufanele sisiqonde kanjani "eMoscow - Third eRoma"? Njenganoma ubani omunye phezu imibono zomlando, ngamunye kumelwe ngokuzimela anqume ukuthi kubhekwa umkhiqizo isikhathi, noma ukuchaza imfundiso yokuziphendukela isimo yesimanje wezasekhaya.