Requisitioning - lokhu ... Isingeniso isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona

Lo mkhuba ukudla nesiqephu sezwe esisodwa, futhi aziwa requisitioning emelela lathethwa eRussia esikhathini kusuka 1919 kuya 1921. Ngalesi sikhathi, uhulumeni wanquma ukuzinika lokubeka izindinganiso ezithile isinkwa nokunye ukudla, okuyinto ungagcina abalimi futhi konke okusele ababenakho ukuthengisa esimweni ngamanani aphansi. Uhlelo isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona-ukwabiwa abathintekayo namaqembu ukudla, amakomiti abampofu kanye nemikhandlu zesifunda, lophocelela abalimi ukuba bangayeki izinqolobane zabo.

Umthelela labantu

Isingeniso insalela uye phambili kwayibhebhethekisa isimo esinzima kakade zabantu abavamile. Izinkambiso kwezidingo lwesinkwa Kwasakazwa noma razverstyvalis njengendlela intela, ngokuvamile kakhulu lidlule langempela amasheya izakhamuzi.

Abalimi abaningi abaye bazama ukufihla ukudla kwabo, kodwa ezindaweni eziqhelelene ukudla okusheshayo zonke ezitholakala futhi bajeziswa ngisho enonya "abayitholayo."

Imiphumela isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona

Kakade phakathi nonyaka walo wokuqala yokwesaba nangenxa isiqalo ukudla lwekudla labantu owathengwa cishe izigidi ezingu-44,6 amathani okusanhlamvu. Unyaka wesibili kumakwe nokwanda okuphawulekayo ukusebenza futhi waletha isimo amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu 113,9. Ukwanda kokutheleleka kudlange kakhulu amanani kwaba senziwa ayehlasela ezimhlophe, njengengxenye abantu abavamile wayezimisele ukusekela amaKhomanisi ukuvimbela ukunqoba amabutho. Ngakho-ke, kuphela Novemba 1917 liye imali nge-oda kopondo abayizigidi ezingu-33.7, kodwa kwaba kuphela sibonga kungenzeka ukusebenza ngenkathi iyunithi ukudla amasheya we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, esebenzisa okwenziwa requisitioning.

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa, ogama umgomo kwaba ukunikeza emabuthweni ahlomile, futhi kwadingeka izinkinga eziningi. Inkinga eyinhloko kwaba inhlangano abampofu, ngenxa okuyinto ingxenye enkulu yokusungula eqoqwe futhi akazange afinyelele lapho uya khona ngesikhathi, nje spoilt ngezikhathi ezithile. On izidingo ibutho yasetshenziselwa 60% inyama kanye nenhlanzi, 100% kagwayi nangu-40% kuzo izinkwa ezingamasongo, okuyinto zathathwa ku insalela. Abalimi futhi abasebenzi abavamile zaphoqeleka ukuba alambe, kuyilapho imikhiqizo ekhethiwe, kuziwa emadolobheni amakhulu, ngokuvamile awuphanga futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izabelo.

Yini eyenziwa requisitioning

Kuchazwa umkhawulo inani labalimi ukuvumele imikhiqizo zihlanganisa abasebenzi nabasebenzi isimo okungenani isigamu-babulawa. amasosha inhlanhla Bekusele kancane nje ukuba, futhi kwaba ubuholi isimo, okuyinto ukudla okunomsoco eyayenziwe ukuze kahle kakhulu izimo. Le mali ezosala isho sekubangele ukuntula isifiso ukusebenza phakathi abalimi, ngoba isivuno Basaba eziqoqiwe. Lena enye yezindlela okwakubonakala eziyinhloko ezaholela incithakalo ngokuphelele kwezolimo njengoba ekuseni njengoba 1921. Ezweni lonke, waqala kuvukela mass abalimi bafuna ukuqedwa lezo zinqubo.

Phakathi nale nkathi futhi salandelwa intela insalela eningi hlobo, owawungumnyaka isinyathelo sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu e kwathatha nep.

Ngebuhle nebubi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inqubo wakwazi kuqhathaniswa usimamise isimo ukudla kuleli zwe, futhi ilethe imiphumela engemihle. Ngokusemthethweni, le requisitioning laqanjwa Januwari 11, 1919, in a amahloni kakhulu uhulumeni wamaSoviet ngesikhathi izwe abadinga usizo.

Ngokusho version olusemthethweni, abalimi kwadingeka ngibanike imikhiqizo yabo isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona idlule amazinga ayebekelwe nguhulumeni, kodwa kwenzeka requisitioning? Kunzima ngempela ukusungula manje kamuva ukuthi ecishe ibe ikhulu, kodwa isuke ingakafundiseki imininingwane yasekuqaleni. Ngezinye izikhathi kusukela kubantukazana elula abakhethelwa futhi yini okufanele sihlale azidingayo sabantu, futhi imali ukuthi babezindla ukubanjwa ithathelwe indawo zonke izinhlobo namarisidi, okuyiwona lutho zingathengwa. Lokhu kwaholela ukuba ingalaleli ukuchithwa kwegazi, ukuboshwa nokuvukela. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono zomlando umbono, yale nqubo ekabili.

amaqiniso

• Izigaba lokuqala insalela eningi a kancane zidilika Empire Russian kwaqala ngo-December 1916. Kodwa lokhu, kanye nezinye izinhlelo eziningi uhulumeni, kuphela lula wokugoqa okusheshayo isimo.
• Uhulumeni wesikhashana, ephinde yakhetha izibuyekezo e ukudla, angaphumelela e libuyisele amanzi amasheya ukudla, lokuqoqa engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-280 wokusanhlamvu ophuma a lohleliwe 650.

• Requisitioning, owethulwa ngokusemthethweni ngasekuqaleni kuka-1919, yaba ingxenye ye ukudla besabisa amaBolshevik ngesikhathi kulwiwa, eyaqala phakathi nesikhathi "impi ubukhomanisi".
• Ukuze amaBolshevik requisitioning (ke ngokusemthethweni wazibonakalisa) kwaba esikhundleni nzima. nokuqaliswa kwalo waqale kungenzeki kwezinye izindawo, ngakho-ke kwenziwa kuphela imaphakathi lizwe.
• Ekuqaleni requisitioning osebenza kuphela okusanhlamvu, kodwa ekupheleni 1920, izinyathelo kakade isicelo maqondana zonke ipulazi ekhona.
• Ekuqaleni, abalimi ozokhokhela imikhiqizo eqoqwe, kodwa ukulethwa kwezimpahla kwakucishe oludlulele, ngoba imali iye devalued, kanye umkhakha kwaba ziyancipha ngokugcwele - akukho ukushintsha.

• Ngokwemvelo, abalimi musa njalo ngivumelana bayidele ngokuzithandela izimpahla zabo, ngakho kwakunabazalwane nabezempi ekhethekile, amakomiti abampofu iRed Army amayunithi.
• Lapho abalimi babengenawo isifiso noma ikhono simelane izinyathelo kahulumeni, baqala ukufihla ukudla sikhule kakolweni hhayi ningi than kuyinsakavukela.
• Ngisho ikhumbula ukuthi ubushiqela ukudla okwaholela bokuhlukaniswa abalimi, akungabazeki ukuthi ibutho phakela requisitioning kuphela. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa usesize ukubaleka sabasebenzi ezisemadolobheni.
• Esikhathini kusuka ngo-1918 kuya 1920 inhloko yalawa ukucela isiRashiya kwakuwulimi a lamaKhomanisi kamuva owaba ilungu sokubusa kwamaNazi. Kwaba Roland Freisler.

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Esikhathini mkhuba lwekudla, kanye neminye imizamo ayisungula amaBolshevik, kwaba indlela eziningi ngebuhle nebubi eziningi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule nqubo iye yasiza ekunikezeni adingekayo imikhiqizo lempi, izimpahla eziningi nje wanyamalala, nakuba sisuswa kusukela kubantu abayidingayo - lokhu eqinisweni eyenziwa requisitioning. Unyaka, lapho liqala, kwaba eqophelweni eliyingozi ukuba ukuzinza nokuqala konke okukulo phambili esikhathini esizayo inhlekelele sina.