Nezinkinga we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni ngo-1917: Ithebula. Abathathu Yesikhashana Uhulumeni nobukhulu bale nkinga

1917 Russia kwakunzima kakhulu futhi enesibopho. Imicimbi yembuleka Petrograd, zazibaluleke kakhulu ngoba ikusasa okwengeziwe yezwe. Isinkwa izibhelu, imiboniso kanye imibuthano ngokumelene isinyathelo sezempi, futhi ngenxa yalokho - wagudluzwa uMbusi uNicholas II, ngubani ngokunembe kakhudlwana, yena asiyeke. Ngakho ayeke uhlobo ibhodi Romanov lwamakhosi. Kwamiswa Uhulumeni lokuqala Yesikhashana. Waba uSihlalo walo Prince Georgy eLvov. Uhulumeni wesikhashana wanika Russia Declaration, owawuthi iziboshwa zezombusazwe ushwele kwenziwa izinguquko zendawo ukuzibusa kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu - kungcono kakhulu kwenkululeko civil.

Lesi sihloko sizophendula le nezinkinga we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni ngo-1917, etafuleni kungukuqonda kangcono ozokufunda kuzokusiza futhi zethulwe. Iqiniso liwukuthi, naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo yabo, lo hulumeni omusha wayengasenakukwazi ukubekezelela le Ukunganeliseki abantu. Abantu babezimisele ukuba baguqule ukuphila kwabo, inqubo iye waqala, futhi uthanda nje ukuthi kwakungasebenzeki kumisiwe. Lokhu kuncike ifundiswa abafundi ekilasini umlando e-grade 9, ngoba kuyoba usizo ukuhlola kanye nabantu abadala ukuba uthuthukise kuzo ngokuphathelene izenzakalo kahle leyo minyaka.

Zonke isenzo senzeka ngo-1917 emuva ngonyaka. Kwakukhona 3 soMthetho woHulumeni Yesikhashana nobukhulu bale nkinga. Khumbula ukuthi imbangela esibucayi kwaba umthelela KwamaBolshevik Party, kanye ngokwenqaba kukahulumeni ukubhekana ezibucayi nezindaba zomphakathi (social nakwezolimo). Ngokuvamile, kunzima ukuba uzazi kahle wena nobe esifundvweni ezifana nezinkinga we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, ngo-1917, etafuleni kuyodingeka inzuzo elingenakuphikwa ukufezwa into. Cabanga zikhathi kokuhle nokubi kuleli inqubomgomo Uhulumeni Yesikhashana - ethebuleni elingezansi.

Ithebula 9 ngomlando ekilasini: nezinkinga we Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. Entsha inchubomgomo yahulumende.

Siyabona ukuthi uhulumeni omusha wazama ukushintsha into, kodwa kwakungenele.

Inkinga yokuqala Uhulumeni Yesikhashana

Apreli 18 inothi UNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle (owayeneminyaka Miliukov) emenza crisis kuqala. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we okukhulunywe isidingo sokuba ukuzibophezela abathembekile azihlanganisa, kodwa kwakungekho lutho wathi mayelana annexations kanye indemnities. Ngaleso sikhathi, kubonakala sengathi i-Russia yeningi kanye nohulumeni entandweni yeningi kukhona impi okuzingela futhi lingabacindezeli, nakuba sineminyaka isigamu njengoba impi waya ensimini ka-Russia. Kwakuwusuku Iphutha elikhulu kunawo wonke Miliukov. AmaBolshevik zakala ke wayithukuthelisa imicabango nezimfundiso zakhe kwabo ngesikhathi ukuboniswa.

Mashi 22 Petersburg, izinkulungwane zabantu abhikisha emigwaqweni. Owawuse ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiboniso eziningana. Isiqubulo se-imiboniso wokuqala wathi: "Sisekela Yesikhashana Uhulumeni!" Iziqubulo ukuboniswa yesibili: "Phansi nge Guchkov futhi Milyukov!", "Ukuthula ngaphandle annexations noma indemnities!" Okwesithathu, rally ahlukene umusa amaBolshevik ngesiqubulo esithi: "Amandla - ukuze amaSoviet!" Wonke umuntu abahlanganyeli emibhikishweni wakhipha ruble ayishumi (okufana kakhulu imibuthano yesimanje), futhi kamuva amaBolshevik wazama ukuba bathi ngeke banesibopho imihlangano, kusolakala ukuthi ukuveza imicabango yabantu kwezixuku. Kuyadabukisa kakhulu ukuthi imiboniso babe izibhelu ahlomile, ngisho umhlatshelo.

ERussia kunezikhathi ezinzima. Amalungu Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kwadingeka eziningana izindlela aphume isimo.

Indlela yokuqala

Iphuzu laliwukuthi nokushiya kanye nokudluliswa amandla namaSoviet. Esikhathini esiningi uhulumeni nomuzwa wokuthi kwakuyingozi kakhulu ngoba kungaholela impi yombango, futhi lokhu nje ngeke kuvunyelwe.

Indlela yesibili

Le ndlela iye ezihlongozwayo Kornilov. Ngaphansi icebo lakhe, kwakudingekile ukusizakala ngaleli thuba, usebenzisa KwamaBolshevik kwesiqubulo esithi "Phansi nge-uhulumeni esisemthethweni!" Njengoba izaba ukuhlakaza amaSoviet, ukubulala noma etilongweni ezizivelelayo kude kwesokunxele. Ake lizwe ekugcineni ebusa ukuzithiba ebuthweni nasemsebenzini. Kwakudingekile ukuqeda ombaxambili. Inkinga yokungabi Uhulumeni Yesikhashana (Mashi-July 1917.) Ingabe kubhekwe ngokungenamkhawulo eside, it is a nelukuluku futhi ezimibalabala ephathwayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e-March 1917, waqeda isigwebo sokufa, kwahlongozwa kabusha ukwethula ukusungulwa umthetho onzima. Liberals abangu besishaqekile iziphakamiso ezinjalo. Kornilov zayiswa phambi.

sokusebenzisana uhulumeni Okokuqala

ERussia lezwakala kufika ithuba lika-1917 Coalition Yesikhashana Ohulumeni ngonyaka. We qamba sokusebenzisana uhulumeni lokuqala, elalingaba izikhonzi eziyisithupha sezenhlalo. UNgqongqoshe empi Kerensky.

Nezinkinga we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni ngo-1917, okumelelwe itafula esihlokweni, ngisho namandla tetemnotfo. Akusebenzanga kuHulumeni Yesikhashana ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuthula ezweni, ukukhulisa embonini yezokuthutha ezingeni elifanele, ngamisa kwaba ukuphakela ibutho amadolobha ukudla. Ngalesi sikhathi, igunya amaBolshevik wakhula, kanye nenombolo yabo.

Nezinkinga we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni ngo-1917 (etafuleni)

Congress Okokuqala Zonke-Russian of amaphini Abalimi '

Lokhu Congress owaqhutshelwa e-May 1917, uLenin ecelwa ukuba kwahlukaniswe izwe ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamazwe, lona abantu. amazwi kukaLenin okubangelwa ukusekelwa zabantu abavamile, kodwa Chernova, abaseBhayibhelini abakhuluma ngokuphela ukulungiselela eside futhi kunyatheliswe Land Act, akenzanga hype ezanele.

Okokuqala Zonke-Russian iCongress of Workers futhi Amabutho 'amasekela

Lokhu Congress owaqhutshelwa e-June 1917, ku-ke, amaBolshevik wathola izihlalo 105 kuphela aphume 777. Nokho, umholi wawo, uLenin washo ngokucacile yakhe. Wathembisa ukuthi, sibonga iqembu ebusa oda kuleli zwe ngaphandle yombango axazulula imibuzo kanye nezokulima kanye nokutholakala zabasebenzi.

Ukushayela: zinhlekelele we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni ngo-1917

I ukukhula ka inhlekelele yama-Yesikhashana Uhulumeni yesibili

Juni 10 amaBolshevik babenqume ukubamba ukubonakaliswa ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi ukuqinisa kwegunya layo. Nokho, ngezinye iCongress of lesi sinqumo liye kungavunyelwe, futhi isidlulile ukuboniswa jikelele besekela Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. Asekelwe ecasula ngaphambili, ihlelelwe Juni 18, 1917. Yesikhashana crisis Uhulumeni eyenzekile, njengoba iningi ababhikishi eyenziwa kwamaBolshevik iziqubulo. Kwacaca ukuthi maduze amaBolshevik azama ukuthatha amandla. Zonke sahlanganisa yokuthi ecasula maphambili ziwile, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali lakhula. Umbuzo kazwelonke waqala wokugoqa yeRussia. Ukraine, Finns, nokunye. D. Luyakhandla ukuzimela ukuzimela.

Julayi inhlekelele yama-Yesikhashana Uhulumeni

Lezi zenzakalo zenzeka kusukela 3 kuya 4 Julayi. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukuncipha Labaqalayo besula uhulumeni, enqaba ukwamukela ukuthi umbuzo kutimela Ukraine. Zempikiswano kwakuyiyona mpikiswano zokuthunyelwa ibutho izibhamu we Petrograd isikaniso kuya phambili, amasosha abhikisha emigwaqweni. Sasuka Kronstadt amatilosi kusekelwa abasebenzi ahlomile. Ukusebenza elaliholwa amaBolshevik. Umbhikisho ube elikhanyayo, elikhulu, wokugaklazeka ezinamazwi. Ababhikishi Ngabamba ekupheleni kwempi, ufuna amandla amaSoviet, abalimi yafuna umhlaba.

amabutho loyalist bezama ukumisa amaBolshevik, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. kancane kancane Amandla sekudlule ezandleni zabo. Amasosha ahlomile, abasebenzi, amatilosi wahola kwamaBolshevik Party.

Umhlangano Council wawuba ngasekuqaleni le Tauride Palace, okuyinto esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe ababhikishi. UNgqongqoshe Wezolimo Wazama nokuchazela abantu, kodwa nje lithunjwa. AmaBolshevik ashaqe amandla cishe, kodwa Lenin wenqaba ukuba aphishekele icala, njengoba wayesaba ukuthi ayengeke enze lutho ngazo inqubo kanye ukugcina lokhu ngelikhulu isasasa isikhathi eside. Julayi inhlekelele yama-Yesikhashana Uhulumeni sibucayi kakhulu.

Umphumela Julayi ukuboniswa

amabutho loyalist umkhankaso ukuzingelwa amaBolshevik. Abaningi sebengenwe ecashile. Amalungu Yesikhashana Uhulumeni zalimala kakhulu kunokusebenza amaBolshevik. Wyszynski ngemvume umyalelo kokuboshwa kwala inhloko amaBolshevik. Ngokusemthethweni iphawulwe ukuthi abasolwa ngokuqondene amaJalimane.

Kunzima kwaba isikhathi lapho kwaba nenkinga ye Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. izinto engeziwe, izifundo zomlando ezahlukene ukuvumela namuhla iphephile ukusho ukuthi lokho kumangalelwa kwakungamanga kukaLenin kwaba esisemthethweni, njengoba imali amaBolshevik ayithatha kusukela amaJalimane. It uvuliwe kuphela umbuzo sikhathi, okusho ukuthi, uma ncamashi baqala azithathe yabo - .. Ngesikhathi kuqala impi, noma kusukela ngo-1916. Inani etholakele amaJalimane, futhi engaziwa. Kanjani izigidi eziningi DM wathola amaBolshevik for revolution zabo, uLenin mathupha ukuthi ziyabamukela yini izimo ukuthola imali - alaziwa. Namanje ziyaphikisana exhunywe Brest ukuthula ukukhokhela imali noma cha. Nokho, kusobala ukuthi noma kunjalo imali sibucayi. Umshushisi nakuSathane Lenin bakucabange, wakwazi ukuphunyuka, kuqala Petrograd bese eFinland. regiments Ahlubukayo ahlakazwa futhi disarmed. It ibuyiselwe abantu babulawelwe kuzo phambi yokungalaleli ngaphambili.

amandla kwamaBolshevik. Inkinga yesithathu

INqabayokulinda ka-August inhlekelele yama-Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kwaba sekugcineni. AmaBolshevik wathatha inhliziyo futhi, kumnyama noma kubomvu, waphinda ihlelwe yokuvukela futhi ukugumbuqela umbuso ngokusebenzisa ehlome. Uthe lesi sinqumo senziwa ngesikhathi Congress wesi-4 Party. Kwaba ekuqaleni kuka-August 1917, uStalin kwaba esinye isikhulumi esiyinhloko. Ake sicabangele ukuthi kwenzekeni.

Kornilov mutiny

Agasti 27 Kornilov kuqhathaniswa amandla yesikhashana, ekuphenduleni ukudlubulunda yayo wavuma. Ngo Petrograd, owethulwa umthetho karate. AmaBolshevik ngambiza abantu ukuba akwazi ukuxosha lezi zihlubuki, Red Guards zadalwa. Konke owaphela ngomhlaka 2 Septhemba. Kornilov nabalandeli bakhe baboshwa.

Ukuboshwa kwalo Uhulumeni Yesikhashana

Nokho, ukusebenza Kornilov yabonisa uqhekeko kuleli emibuthanweni isinqumo, okuyinto won amaBolshevik. Basebenzisa impi ukuze izuze amandla. Okthoba 24 wakhipha isimemezelo ku ukuvala wonke amaphephandaba we amaBolshevik, ngesikhathi 5.00 kokuba ivalwe, kwasithatha amahora amaningana, futhi futhi ubuye ngaphansi kokubusa amaBolshevik. Okthoba 25 lezi zihlubuki wathatha Nikolaev (eMoscow) sesitimela eThembalihle, ngesikhathi 6.00 - State Bank, ihora - ehhovisi central, at 13.00 - the Mariinsky Palace.

Ngezinye 18,00 wonke amabutho bahlangana Winter Palace, yamemezela ugwayi katiki ihora kuhulumeni ke adubula kusukela "Aurora." Kweyesi-2 ekuseni, amalungu Yesikhashana Uhulumeni baboshwa, amandla wadlulela namaSoviet.

Ngakho, siyabona ukuthi nje 3 we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni nobukhulu bale nkinga. Nakani etafuleni abekwe ngezansi, kuyokusiza ukuba uyiqonde.

Nezinkinga we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kuthebula 1917 Isikimu: Ubangela kwamaBolshevik ukunqoba

Ukushayela amaBolshevik athatha izintambo

Inxanxathela kwaba ngo-1917 abantu. amandla lesikhashana wenza eziningi amaphutha kuka wasiza amaBolshevik ukuthatha indawo yakhe. Lenin is kwesokudla ku Yiqiniso ukunqoba, wakwazi ukushukumisa abantu ukuba ukwethula ulwazi ngendlela engacunuli. Complex futhi olunameva kwaba indlela amaBolshevik, kodwa babengenamduduzi izinkolelo zabo siqu futhi imigomo. Isimo ngo-1917 futhi ebonisa ukuthi imibono yokungabi nandaba - kungamandla esikhulu kakhulu, inqobo nje wayenomkhuba izandla ephephile zabantu abanekhono futhi ngokwethembeka esebenza ngokwezinjongo ezinhle.

Phawula futhi ukuthi amaBolshevik wasiza uwine: kuba isimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo kuleli zwe, inqubomgomo ongafanele uhulumeni, ukuze lanqotshwa igunya lomphakathi abanekhono futhi enhle ukukhuluma umholi lwesigaba sabasebenzi, ikhono ukukholisa futhi bakhuthaze abantu. Uma uhulumeni wesikhashana wazama ukuxazulula izinkinga zabantu, akazange qinisa inqubomgomo, kwakungeke asewubuyisile isigwebo sokufa, hhayi ulwe, wanquma izinkinga kanye nezokulima kanye nokutholakala kwezenhlalo, kwakungeke kube Kornilov ukuvukela ke, mhlawumbe, ayikwazanga kwenzeke KwamaBolshevik Icebo lika .