Ophihliza iqhwa Nuclear-powered "Arktika": incazelo kanye nezithombe. Modern icebreakers ikilasi "Arctic"

Mhlawumbe hhayi emlandweni ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, isiqephu romantic more olukhulu, ngaphandle ukuthuthukiswa eNyakatho Ekude. Isidingo salokhu kuye kwaba kwekilasi lokuqala: kulezo izingxenye amanga omningi amaminerali, okuyinto kabi kwakudingeka abasha isimo umkhakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha ekutadisheni lezo zindawo kuyadingeka kakhulu ososayensi, ngoba ukuvumela ukuba ucabangele izigaba ukuthuthukiswa yonke le mbulunga.

Kafushane, kwakudingekile ukuba ngandlela-thile uthole lapho uya khona. Ezimweni sezulu ezinzima futhi unqamule izwe ngendlela okungcono ukusebenzisa imizila kolwandle, kuphela isizini navigation kulezo izingxenye imfushane kakhulu. Ubungozi ukuthi singase sivaleleke eqhweni waba mkhulu.

Yingaleso sikhathi-ke, kwaba khona eSoviet ice-uya imikhumbi edumile emhlabeni. Omunye esiphawuleka kunazo zonke nabameleli bayo kwaba ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika", umlando ofakelwe kwalesi sihloko. Lokhu umkhumbi uhlukile ukuze kungaba kalula nikela incwadi yonke! Uma ufunda lesi sihloko, nawe Ngokuqinisekile uzovuma nathi kule.

Mfushane izici lobuchwepheshe

Lo mkhumbi has a izinhlangothi eliphezulu kakhulu futhi enamandla, onezitezi amane nje futhi ezimbili ukulayisha ezisekelweni. Ukuze ihlanganise Izilawuli isakhiwo Umlayezo osetshenziswa ezinhlanu-tiered emphemeni superstructure. Umbutho umkhumbi omkhulu ngezikulufo ezintathu (ku ngalinye - izindwani amane). Esikhathini ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi ophihliza iqhwa kuyinto a ophephela umusi, umusi ikhiqizwa okuyiwona sebenzisa amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza. Ukuze womshini yokugcina, yonke impumelelo theory ne practical ziye zasetshenziswa, ukuthi umkhakha zenuzi ephethwe ukwakha Union ngaleso sikhathi.

Isici esivelele sesimiso isakhiwo sonke umzimba wenziwe engagqwali steel ingxubevange. Cabanga nje ngalokhu: lonke isakhiwo omkhulu wenza izinto ezinjalo ezibizayo futhi sikhulu eliqinile le! Kulezo zindawo, okuyinto in umkhuba anegunya Ukuvikelwa ingcindezi ice inikezwa, okuthiwa ice ibhande, okuyinto Ukwakha-up kwesakhiwo ukuqinisa ungqimba umzimba omkhulu, baya emkhunjini.

Okunye izinhlelo shipboard

Kuvele kwesakhiwo ingxenye ebalulekile, kuyahluka ophihliza iqhwa "Arctic" kukhona crenic futhi Ukunquma uhlelo. Zathi, okuyinto evame idingekile ukuze namatilosi omkhumbi, yakhelwe wonke platform yokudonsa elise emkhunjini bomkhumbi. Kwakunesidingo futhi helipad. Njengomthetho, elisetshenziswa imikhankaso ye Mi-8, owawungumnyaka esisemqoka ekufezeni imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo kwesimo endaweni nendawo imikhumbi washaya iqhwa.

Isici esibalulekile salo umkhumbi uphelele kakhulu ezikhathini zabo ezishintshayo, nokuyiyona enuzi ngokuhlakaza ukusebenza isikhathi eside endaweni imodi ezizimele ngokugcwele ngaphandle kwesidingo amawashi njalo isikhathi. I izinzwa nazo ukufakwa izakhiwo ababegwedla isikebhe motors kagesi, izitshalo amandla linezingxenye, kanye Switchboards main. Control isikhungo sikagesi kwenziwa kusukela maphakathi umyalo, okuyinto wasebenza njengomfundisi endlini umshayeli.

Itholakala phezulu endlini emphemeni, ngoba kulesi simo inikeza ukubuyekeza ephumelela kunazo. Ububanzi endlini umshayeli - emihlanu amamitha ubude ke seluliwe kuwo wonke amamitha 30. Phambili lobani izindonga wheelhouse cishe embozwe ububanzi observation iwindi. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa uhlu imishini etholakala sasivumela yayo nesizotha.

Ngakho, egumbini kukhona ezintathu ngokuphelele ezifanayo control panel, okuyinto has isibambo ukulawula isiqondiso ukunyakazisa umkhumbi, kanye izinkomba ezibonisa isimo isikhundla zonke ophephela kanye isigwedlo. Kukhona izinkinobho ukunikeza ibhiphu isixwayiso, idivayisi ukwenza kusebenze mshini bethulula amathangi isikebhe sizinze. Isithombe uqeda etafuleni ishadi, oshayelayo, hydrologists, itafula futhi edeskini nge sonar.

amandla Peak - 55 MW, ukuhamba amathani 23.000. unhlangothi isilinganiso (ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele) ongafinyelela oda 18 ifindo, isikhathi navigation ezizimele ngokugcwele izinyanga eziyisikhombisa.

Umlando sokudalwa

ophihliza iqhwa Self-powered "Arktika", okuyinto umkhumbi oholayo kuleli 10520 iphrojekthi, yasungulwa ngo-1971 kwi amasheya aseBaltic Shipyard. Soviet Navy okokuqala emlandweni crew esizayo kwabantu abangu-150, hhayi kuphela iqhaza ekwakhiweni umkhumbi, kodwa futhi bangakunikeza iseluleko kuhleliswa. Lo mkhuba avunyelwe amatilosi ukufunda ubuchwepheshe obusha ngokuphelele ngesikhathi rekhodi. Amatilosi eholwa uCaptain Yu. S. Kuchiev.

Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa induna emangalisayo abanolwazi owahamba ngomkhumbi on ezahlukene ice-amadlambi engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. Kakade ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1972 umkhumbi emanzini, okuyinto ngempela irekhodi isikhathi ukuze kwakhiwe lolu hlobo.

Ummeli inketho kokusebenzisa

Ngo-USSR, uhulumeni cishe ngokushesha, kwanqunywa ukuthi ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika" woba lobuchwepheshe amakhono okumele asetshenziswe njengoba impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu enamandla Coast Guard. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, kufanele usungule iqoqo elikhulu-osezingeni wezikhali izikhali, imishini ukwenziwa ukuphazamiseka asebenzayo, kanye ezengeziwe imishini radar isitayela samasosha. "Uhlelo Maximum" wahlanganisa test ezimweni eduze lokulwa.

Ngemva kwalokho, bonke nezempi obekumele ukususa nokulondoloza. On umkhumbi yahlela ukushiya ezinye efiselekayo kakhulu futhi kwafunwa ezikhathini izikhali impi, mothball ngendlela ekhethekile (ekulondolozeni kungenzeka decompression zalo zokuqala futhi ukushayela isikhundla labadubuli).

Empeleni, uma ubheka qualitative imodeli ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika", ungabona lamatshwayo wabuka e wempi yakhe. Ukuze-USSR, militarization kwakungesona into entsha, njengoba leli lizwe zikhunjulwe okwenzeka 40s njalo.

Indlela yafinyelelwa le ngesilinganiso ukwakhiwa komkhumbi

A isikhathi eside kakhulu abaklami ababekucabanga mayelana nendlela yokugwema ukubambezeleka kancane ekwakheni lomkhumbi. Ngenxa yale njongo, indlunkulu tekusebenta ahlukene yasungulwa, okuyinto wasebenza ngaphansi Victor Nilovich Shershneva. Wanquma: ukwenza konke ukuvivinywa ezidingekayo olwandle ngaphandle kokubiza semikhumbi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Esikebheni kwakuneqembu Bahlele ukuyisa zonke ezidingekayo ezikhulwini zempi, kanye umyalo elehlukile, owayephethe ukudayiswa kwezikhali ezincane nezikhali wezikhali izikhali. Amatilosi wasukuma ngokushesha kubantu 700, kuyilapho ngendlela evamile ebhodini enikeziwe izihlalo akukho kuka 150.

Abaklami kanye nabamele ikhasimende kufanele ngisebenze kanzima ukuze kuhlaliswe zonke izisebenzi edingekayo, kuyilapho nawe ungalushayi ukucasula ubani. Ngangithola lokhu ukuhlala eLeningrad ezinsukwini ezine. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi izinga lamanzi wayelele kude ngezansi ezingeni evamile, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuphethwa ngempumelelo kwezinsolo umkhumbi kwadingeka ngokweqile layo ngu 30-40 amasentimitha!

Isiphetho isitsha uvivinyo kolwandle

Inkinga iye zigwenywe uma kuphela ngoba akuzange kudingeke ukuba ulinde umuntu: lonke Amatilosi e njalo ukulwa ukulungela, ophilayo ebhodini. Ingene isheduli Marine, umkhumbi wawusengozini enganeli kolwandle ngokuphepha. Maphakathi no-December 1974 eMoscow Leningrad sathathwa umyalezo umsakazo esifushane futhi emifushane "Kuqediwe." Kamuva wazincokolela wathi Kuchiev singcono kakhulu kuKhesari yena: ngakho kafushane Njengoba labika kokuphothula ulwandle nokulingwa womkhumbi ngokungenakulinganiswa neyinkimbinkimbi ngokungaphezulu!

Amakhulu iziphakamiso Kuye kwenziwa ngokushayela imoto okuthuthukisiwe mooring njengenhlangano ophihliza iqhwa, futhi iningi labo liye ngokugcwele ukusebenza nge nabaqambi "bawahlala". Ngo-April 1975, lapho uphuma khona yokuqala evelele kolwandle. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika", izithombe olutholakalayo isihloko uhlangabezana nazo zonke izimfuneko ukuthi babekwa at the stage of ukwakha sketching.

Kakade Apreli 25, 1975, lapho umkhumbi usufikile ethekwini Tallinn, ke wakhuliswa ifulegi State of the USSR. Ekugcineni lasayina itayitela ukudluliselwa komhlaba ngoxhaxha, kulandele isigaba "Arctic" ophihliza iqhwa lokuqala angithinta Murmansk, lapho itholakala ethekwini ebhukwini. Kwaba ukunqoba yonke esayensi umkhakha ngivikele zwe elikhulukazi.

Ngaphezu izinkulungwane zabantu yayihlobene ngokuqondile wokwakha umkhumbi, isakhiwo, ukubekeka kanye iqhube ucwaningo kwakuhilela okungaphezu 350 (!) Ukucwaninga kososayensi, ukuzivikela, oceanographic nezikhungo kwamanzi, design bureau, zocwaningo ezweni lonke.

Ithumela ku uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho

Emuva ekuqaleni kuka-1975, ngaphambi kokwamukela yayo esemthethweni, ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika" (bheka isithombe. Ngenhla) lolungenamaphutsa olwenziwa Sea Northern Umzila, le ophihliza iqhwa "Admiral Makarov" (ingenakukwazi kagesi). Kakade ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo, waya ngokoqobo wahlwithwa ukuthunjwa ice hummocks efanayo umkhumbi "Ermak" futhi ilondolozwe kusuka ezithile ukufa wezimpahla umkhumbi "kusho uCaptain Myshevsky".

Kufana 'Arctic "waba nengxenye wokutakula we ophihliza iqhwa" Leningrad ", kanye umkhumbi ezokuthutha" Chelyuskin ". Ukaputeni Happy ngokuthi lo mcimbi iphuzu eziphakeme mkhumbi omusha, njengoba nje ngenxa lezi zimo ezine, lingasuswa eyakhelwe.

Eminyakeni emibili nje njengenhlangano umsebenzi asebenzayo wafakazela ukuthi waya eyingqayizivele ngokuphelele zazo Flagship ngoxhaxha KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - ophihliza iqhwa enuzi "Arktika". Emthandazweni wakhe ngalezo zinsuku ayebhekwa inyamazane athandwayo kakhulu kunoma abafana Soviet. Futhi ukuzonda ngesizathu esihle, mangisho! Kuye kwabonisa hhayi kuphela nokwethenjelwa esivelele ukufaka enuzi kanye nezinye, kodwa futhi omuhle kakhulu izinga umkhumbi ikufanelekela ukuhamba olwandle. Nokho, induna esisuka Kuchiev wayazi ukuthi "lesigceme" yakhe iyakhona ngaphezulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho kudinga isikhathi eside yomkhankaso enyakatho. Ngokushesha ukuncenga kwakhe sekuzwakala. Ithimba waqala ukulungiselela isikhathi eside-hola izindiza.

Ngo-April 1977, i-indiza yokulinga ku Yamal

Ngo-1976, umkhumbi wasuka ethekwini Murmansk, e edabula ice wachitha kwaqinisa isitsha "UPavel Ponomarev". Izimoto eqamba ibhodi cishe izinkulungwane ezine amathani okudla nezimpahla zasendlini ahlukahlukene. Eduze Cape Kharasavey ithimba ngaphandle nobunzima kakhulu ephethwe wehlise zonke izimpahla ice okusheshayo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho babuyela athathwa waya ogwini. Bobabili imikhumbi waya kolunye uhlangothi, ethekwini ice-mahhala Murmansk.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi Kuchiev kahle ekuhlolweni kwabo izimfanelo esiphezulu ukugijima umkhumbi, kodwa ngenxa ku 1977 ngokushesha kuhlelwe i ukushaywa ezikude nakakhulu futhi inselele kakhulu. Manje kulindeleke ukuba wenze izindiza eziningana ukuze Yamal. Lesi sikhathi, iqembu kwaba ophihliza iqhwa hhayi kuphela lokuqala lase-Arctic, kodwa umkhumbi we ekilasini efanayo "Murmansk", kanye ezokuthutha ezintathu wezimpahla isitsha.

"Izimangaliso ku amajika"

Ekuqaleni kuka-1977, nendlwana ngokuphepha ngomkhumbi Murmansk, nezinsuku ke emva ezine wakhuphukela Kharasavey. Ngemva kwesonto, inkantolo waya kolunye uhlangothi. ULwandle uBarents ingenye Ezokuthutha wathumela endleleni Murmansk, lapho befika khona manjalo wasukuma umthwalo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, icebreakers inkampani wathatha omunye umkhumbi isigqila, bese labetibambile inkambo yakhe yangaphambili. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili nje, inqubo liphindwe futhi.

Zonke kubahlanganyeli umkhankaso wavuma ngazwi linye ukuthi ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika", izici lobuchwepheshe zazo okusesihlokweni esithi, wenza izimangaliso, prolamyvayas hummocks ukujiya eyesabekayo.

abalandeli

Futhi manje sethula uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke izitsha ezakhiwe ngaphansi 10520 phrojekthi:

• "Arctic".
• "ESiberia".
• "Russia".
• "ElaseSoviet Union."
• "Yamal".
• "50 Iminyaka Engu-Victory".

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ophihliza iqhwa zokugcina "Arktika" (a mkhumbi omusha "50 Iminyaka Engu-Victory") wafakwa ukusebenza kuphela ngo-2007, nakuba ukuqaliswa yayo okwenzeka emuva ngo-1993 Isizathu sisobala - ubuholi obusha yezwe kusweleke njalo imali .

Kusukela kowezi-2000, i-uhambo e-Arctic ku-ophihliza iqhwa kwase kutholakala kuwo wonke umuntu ofisa (imali). Ngenxa lemali edingekayo ukuze kuphelele sokugcina ekugcineni esekwazi ukuqoqa futhi umkhumbi sidle owayebuthelwa Navy Russian.

isikhathi esisha

Ngu-1999, "umuntu omdala" uye wasebenza iminyaka engu-25, ukuchitha ngokusebenzisa umzila enyakatho phezu izitsha eziyinkulungwane amathathu kunesithembiso zazo uthuthwa amathani angaphezu kuka-ayisigidi okusanhlamvu okubalulekile. Kodwa indlela sobudala asiphothulwanga, kwathiwa elinde irekhodi elisha lonke. Kusukela ngo-May kuya ku-May, kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2000, umkhumbi wachitha izitsha ne-Arctic Ocean 110. Kulaba nautical miles abayizinkulungwane 50 ncamashi ayizinkulungwane 32 umkhumbi usudlule ngaphandle ukwehluleka olulodwa. Akukubi okwesikhathi "dinosaur" eneminyaka engu-25 ubudala, wasebenzisa ukuphila kwakhe ukusebenza ezimweni ezinzima Kuyiphutha!

Kulindeleke ukuba ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika" ngaleso sikhathi? Museum noma ukukhangwa izivakashi abacebile, ngawo amatilosi abavumelani nakancane nalokhu! Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lo mkhumbi lokuqala 10520 phrojekthi ngo-2008 namanje emnyuziyamu, kodwa ubunjalo bayo zomlando liyalondolozwa ngokugcwele. On izitsha okusalungiswa ukuthi namanje uqhubeke uphakathi, ungakwazi ukuthatha uhambo phezu ophihliza iqhwa e-Arctic. Okuvelayo zezivakashi abaye khona, kumane nje akunakwenzeka ukuba adlulisele ngamagama. injabulo engachazeki!

isandiso Life

ophihliza iqhwa Nuclear waba nocwaningo phansi. Amatilosi ososayensi wafakazela ukuthi isimiso sokutshuza se umkhumbi uyisikhathi eside ukusebenza ngale isikhathi sakhe eyabelwe. Maphakathi no-2000 main yokusebenza isikhathi ngokubhujiswa kwazo zonke izinhlangano kanye nezindlela isitsha kwaba kakade amahora mayelana 146.000. Kuyona inikele konke lokhu, ososayensi nonjiniyela sinqume ukuthi ukuphila inkonzo "Arctic" iningi elingangena ngokuphepha yelule kufika emahoreni angu ayizinkulungwane 175, kanye nezinye imikhumbi iphrojekthi isebenze kuze kube isikhathi yokusebenza obuyizinkulungwane 150.

I Flagship le phrojekthi kuzovumela ukuchitha amakhulu ezinkulungwane ucwaningo kuwo ziye zasebenza out isethi eziyinkimbinkimbi of navigation kanye imishini radar eSoviet Union futhi Russian Federation, ososayensi zenuzi selibuthile idatha emangalisayo ezibalulekile kwi enuzi izitshalo amandla ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu. Inani okungukuthi ophihliza iqhwa yenuzi-powered "Arktika" (izithombe ethulwa esihlokweni), kunzima overestimate.