"Mosquito" - antiship missile

Mhlawumbe, njengoba Navy uhlale kungenzeka ukunikeza ukuhlolwa ezanele amakhono ukuzivikela wezwe kanye nomnotho. Futhi lapha akusiyo kuphela okuqukethwe imikhumbi ezibizayo nemikhumbi-ngwenya. imikhumbi Modern - izimboni zobuchwepheshe, lapho izikhali ecasula futhi ukuzivikela lokuqala "ukusebenzisa-e" yakamuva.

Uma ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili libuswa yempi ezisindayo Ukuvikelwa enamandla futhi abathwali lilula ngoba ezindizeni bendiza enophephela, kodwa manje isimo sesishintshile kakhulu. Navy cishe zonke "ulwandle" lamazwe ngenkuthalo ukuthatha ku service a abachithi incane futhi emincanyana, ngokuya, indima ngwenya bese abathwali izindiza ezibhekwa kuphela ngokuya isici okuhlaselayo ukwesabisa amazwe ukuthi awunawo ukuzivikela evamile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lamanje izimpi zasolwandle azifani: nabaphikisi ngokuvamile ungayiboni nomunye ngisho emkhathizwe, futhi ukunqoba kuqinisekiswe nangomcibisholo izikhali ezinamandla, a volley okungase kuthumele kahle umkhumbi isitha omkhulu kuze kufike phansi. Izwe lethu has a ithuluzi omkhulu - isimiso "Mosquito". Le missile, owamiswa ngo-USSR, kuyindlela qiniseka isiqinisekiso isisombulo soxolo.

Qala yentuthuko

Umsebenzi on ukuthuthukisa izikhali waqala ngo-1973. Ekwakheni eziningi ukuwo zocwaningo nezikhungo kanye nomklamo abavela kulo lonke elase-USSR. "Mosquito" - rocket, ekuqaleni kuya esikhundleni izinhlobo amadala izikhali ezifanayo futhi ihloselwe ukufakwa abachithi futhi missile izikebhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifakwe ukulwa iwigi.

Ngaphambi singangenwa rocket ezingenamafutha kwadingeka ukuthi ahambe nge uchungechunge umxhwele izivivinyo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zokwenza kuphela ngo-1978. Kwenzeka ngendlela landfill, "Sandy Beam", lapho ukuhlolwa lokuqala onobuhle imikhiqizo esizayo futhi yaqinisekiswa izimfanelo izinjini zako ezisemqoka Kwakuseshwa. Isimo futhi ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kuze kube sekupheleni 1982.

Bakhandwa waqaphela njengoba ngempumelelo kuphela emva kokudubula ngumbhubhisi "Desperado", etholakala oLwandle uBarents. Amatshe zidutshulwe ibanga 27 km, edingekayo ngqo hit okuhloswe ezimbili. Rocket nezisebenzi abhekana ngayo lo msebenzi kahle.

Ngokuvamile, kuphela rocket wethulwa izikhathi 15 nje phakathi kwalezi zilingo, impumelelo osekuzuziwe ezimweni eziyisishiyagalombili, yimpumelelo esinqunyiwe - ezinhlanu. uyisehluleki kuholele siqala ezimbili kuphela. Kodwa akazange ngokushesha baba nesimo imikhumbi wasemakhishini "Mosquito"! Missile has a egcwele iminyaka emihlanu, kusukela ngo-1983 kuya ku-1985, yabekwa ngcono ezihlukahlukene design kanye sesimanje, kuze amandla ayo ekugcineni njengenkulumo okwanele.

Ngakho, uhla kokuqala Kwandiswa cishe ayisithupha izikhathi (!), Ukufinyelela umfanekiso 125 amakhilomitha, wafinyelela kwedivayisi yayo egcwele nge ekranoplan "Lun", iqinisekisa isivikelo cishe lonke ugu ye-USSR enikeziwe ukusetshenziswa rocket.

Ukukhishwa, ukushintshwa,

He khiqiza base bekhululwa "Inqubekela" yayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ise-Territory Primorsky. Missile iye ngokuphindaphindiwe wabonisa kokubili Zhukovsky yasekhaya (MAX), futhi ngaso sonke nemibukiso international izikhali (e Abu Dhabi, isibonelo).

Kuphela ekuseni 80-yalolucwaningo we kwakunomfana wamukelwe ngokomthetho kubabulali okuqondene ekilasini "yesimanje" Project 956, futhi ngo-1984 baqala ukusungula missile ezithuthukisiwe nge isiqalisi CT-190. "Mosquito" ngokushesha osungulwe futhi zezindiza. Missile sivunyiwe ku service esikhathini kusuka 1992 kuya ku-1994.

Kuyini?

Isakhiwo kanye rocket adaliwe kukho ukubhubha izigaba ezahlukene isitha imikhumbi surface, uyisa ngoba ukufika, kanye nemikhumbi lolu hide and okuhloswe olulodwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imikhumbi ku uzibona isiguqo namanzi amaphiko, okuyinto kuze kube yileso sikhathi kwaba cishe invulnerable ukuba missile ngenxa cruise okusezingeni eliphezulu yayo velocity.

Ngokuphumelelayo wabhubhisa imikhumbi, okuyinto displacement amathani afinyelela ku-20,000. Okungenzeka isivinini target - kuze kufinyelele ISIZINDA 100. Missile ukushaywa isitha ngisho ubuso umlilo okukhulu radar ukuphikisana yokugcina. Ingabe hhayi isithiyo, futhi isimo sezulu esibi kanye nesimo sezulu. Anti-umkhumbi missile uqobo "omiyane" kungasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo at okushisa ambient kusuka -25 kuya +50 degrees Celsius.

izimo zokusebenza

isimo Sea usebenzisa "Mosquito" ongafinyelela amaphuzu ayisithupha nje (uma ilitshe lelo lilincane - abafinyelela kwabahlanu) kanye isivinini somoya (isiqondiso akunandaba) - kuya ku-20 metres ngomzuzwana. Abaklami Soviet baye wakwazi ukwakha missile ezingase hit ilitshe ngisho lapho kuqhuma ibhomu lenyukliya.

Kungokufanayo libhekene anti-umkhumbi missile "Mosquito" emoyeni ezisekelwe? izici Basic musa ihluke inketho asolwandle. Lesi sakhiwo kungenziwa ifakwe izindiza Su-33 (Su-27K) nabanye ezivumela umkhumbi-based.

Isakhiwo

Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi iyinkimbinkimbi "Mosquito" yakhiwa kulungiselelwa owodwa kwethulwa missile, kodwa akuyona. Kuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana kubo: antiship ejwayelekile zinhlobo leSupersonic okuphansi-engamamitha, hit kule Target nemibandela olunzulu izinhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela, kanye igobolondo nge "smart" isiqondiso ZM-80. Ukuphathwa unesibopho kwethulwa ukufakwa 3C-80 uhlelo isiqondiso CT-152M. Uma kuziwa ekumeleleni ogwini nge umile Esekela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukulawula eqala isethi eyodwa CCW 3F80.

izici Technical

Rocket kungokwalabo ekilasini yokukhanya, isakhiwo yayo yakhelwe classical ukucushwa sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza. Ifomu umnsalo ogive, ilungiselelo izimpaphe namaphiko - X emise. Amaphiko nomsila zenziwa egoqekayo ukuthutha lula futhi nokugcinwa starting esitsheni. The main umzimba emoyeni isibalo kukhona kuhlukaniswe ngokucacile, futhi phambi fairing efakwe umpheki radiotransparent.

Okunye izici ke kuhlaba umxhwele ngisho nakakhulu:

• Missile obuphelele - kusuka ngamamitha 9.4 kuya 9.7 (kuye ngokuthi ukuguqulwa nekhaya).
• ukusheshisa Maximum - kuze kufinyelele 2.8 Mach.
• ububanzi Ubuncane umlilo - 10 amakhilomitha.
• Qalisa isisindo - amathani 4 kuya 4.5.
• Isisindo warhead - 300 kuya 320 kg.
• Impilo kule esitsheni kwethulwa - kuze kufinyelele eminyakeni 1.5.
• Okwamanje missile olwesimanje bangase hit ilitshe uma ugijima kusukela somhlaba kuya ibanga 240 amakhilomitha.

Ngo womshini asetshenziswa kabanzi titanium okumsulwa amakhemikhali, ibanga eliphezulu Alloys steel ne-fiberglass.

Lesi sitshalo amandla ahlangene. Kube kokuqala powder injini bouncer missile kusukela ibhokisana lokugcina itiye noma ikhofi kwethulwa, noMsekeli jet ngamandla 3D83. Powder namafutha itholakala ngqo umlomo wombhobho yenjini main. Ushisa ngokuphelele ezintathu noma ezine imizuzwana yokuqala, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwaphoqa yi komoya ezilinganisweni.

isiqondiso uhlelo

Uhlelo isiqondiso nayo eyenziwe uhlelo elihlangene. Navigation - uhlobo inertial, kanye asebenzayo-yokwenziwa radar isiqondiso ikhanda. "Gqamisa" uhamba ukuphathwa uhlelo, lapho kuqinisekisa awokuthi ukushaya ilitshe ngisho nalapho iyasebenza umlilo zokumelana. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le sibalo kuhluka 0,94 kuya 0.98.

Flight kwenzeka ngesikhathi ukusheshisa kuka yathuthuka ezimbili, rocket kuyinto trajectory oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala igobolondo yenza "entabeni" zakudala, kulandele ukwehla elibukhali esiphezulu - kuze ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-20. Lapho umgomo amakhilomitha ayisishiyagalolunye kude, kukhona ezinqala nakakhulu ukunciphisa, kuze ukuphakama kwamamitha eziyisikhombisa, ngemva kwalokho rocket nje phezu crests kwamagagasi, wajika inyoka. Phakathi indiza ongenza eziyinkimbinkimbi aqondisa futhi nokulayishwa kuyinto ngokuvamile mkhulu 10G.

target ukubandakanyeka

Ngenxa izici ezinjalo missile "omiyane" (futhi "Malachite", eyandulela yayo) iyingozi ebulalayo cishe kunoma yisiphi umkhumbi ezingaba isitha. Lihambisana namanye ukuzivikela anti-ugu kusho ukuthi kuncishiswe ukugxila ematfuba "ngaphandle kwegazi" isitha lokushaya lihlala.

Hlula umkhumbi isitha kuqinisekiswa okulinganisela energy kinetic futhi kuqhuma ibhomu kakhulu ngemva ngaphakathi sikebhe. Omunye missile kulula ukuyeka phansi impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu, futhi 15-17 izingcezu kungase kahle ukuceka yokwenza iqembu lonke womkhumbi. ezinhle Ikakhulukazi cruise missile "Mosquito" ukuthi balekela kuba cishe kungenakwenzeka. Ukuthola Its imizuzwana 3-4 kuphela ngaphambi contact umlilo target, kodwa ngoba esakhiweni esidala Soviet namanje ihlonishwe futhi kwabo wonke amatilosi lasolwandle emhlabeni.

Indawo kanye nesimo yesimanje

SCRC "Mosquito" bakamalalahlengezela ogibele Project 956 abachithi (ezimbili isikwele isethi), imikhumbi anti-ngwenya we 11556 iphrojekthi "Admiral Lobov", kanye cishe zonke missile isikebhe iphrojekthi 1241,9. Kwakuthinta ogibele project umshayeli we missile encane umkhumbi Project 1239 (hovercraft), kwiphrojekthi 1240 izinkantolo, kanye iwigi "Lun" kushiwo ngenhla, okuyiwona rocket kwadingeka ukuba nesimanje sina.

okuyigugu ngokukhethekile ukuthi missile "Mosquito", izimfanelo osekuvele esicashunwe ngenhla, seyoku ingasetshenziswa izingxenye ukuzivikela ugu kanye izindiza ugu, it is agibele amahhashi phezu Su-27K (Su-33) ezindizeni. Kulokhu, omunye athathwe abagibele projectile, okuyinto okwesikhashana ngaphandle we fuselage phakathi pods.

Ubungcono isukela

Ngo-1981-ke wakhipha umyalo owawuthi kwakudingekile ukuba kakhulu ngcono injini main ukunweba ububanzi kwesicelo lwamarokhethi. Ngakho kwaba khona rocket "omiyane M", eziyishumi zazo Kwakuseshwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ekuqaleni-up kusuka 1987 kuya ku-1989. onjiniyela Soviet bakwazi ukwandisa ububanzi 153 amakhilomitha ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi inguqulo elungisiwe kwaba 3M-80E isiqu.

Okwamanje, i-rocket "Mosquito", ogama sithombe ephepheni, ingafakwa cishe zonke izinhlobo abachithi Russian nezinye yempi, kuhlanganise izikebhe nangomcibisholo, kanye ukuthunyelwa. Ivunyelwe wakhe ukukhweza (uyazikhethela) kwi yempi angaphandle efanelekayo.

ukubaluleka

Lokho rocket "Mosquito", ogama ukusebenza izici okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko avunyelwe dala iphrojekthi zomkhumbi olulodwa. izici zalo zazikunye yokuthi wanikeza izikebhe ezincane missile cishe ukusebenza ngumbhubhisi. Konke lokhu kwenza ukuba kuncishiswe intengo amashumi izikhathi ukudalwa iqembu agcwele oluhle ngemikhumbi yempi, ngaphandle umhlatshelo lokulwa yayo izimfanelo. Ngenxa yezinga omkhulu ogwini zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwakubalulekile kakhulu.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izikhali isiteleka onjalo ukubaluleka umane olukhulu izimo zanamuhla, lapho eRussia iyaqala nje ukuthi zenziwe evamile yokwenza iqembu wasolwandle lwemikhumbi. Okwamanje, azikho izimpawu ezikhethekile lokungena imikhumbi emikhulu Navy, ngakho ithemba esigcwele abachithi ne "Mosquito" ebhodini okunzima overestimate. Ngakho-ke ukuthuthukiswa Soviet namanje isikhathi kakhulu, isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuba wehle.