LaseRavensbrück: ekamu lokuhlushwa zesifazane

LaseRavensbrück (ekamu lokuhlushwa) lwenzelwe abesifazane. Ngo isikali kubhekwa ekamu elikhulu kunawo wonke okuhlushwa amaNazi ngenxa iziboshwa zesifazane. Kuyoze kube phakade khona-ke equkethwe ziboshwa ezase mayelana 130,000. Le nombolo akukhona sokugcina, njengoba abaningi abazange bhalisiwe njengengxenye imibhalo labhujiswa amalungu e-SS.

Futhi, akunakwenzeka ukubala inani efile laseRavensbrück. Ngokuthi izibalo esabekayo: esuka kubantu 50 kuya kwezingu-92.

ikamu indawo

Kutholwe laseRavensbrück (ekamu lokuhlushwa) enyakatho eJalimane, amakhilomitha angu-90 kusuka Berlin. Igama lakhe ehlangene emzaneni, okuyinto kwaba close by. I kuhunyushwa igama German - "Magpie Ibhuloho". Namuhla, le ndawo kungokwalabo emzini Furstenberg.

ekudalweni

LaseRavensbrück waqala ukuphila kwawo isinqumo Genriha Gimmlera ngo-1938. ku ukwakhiwa yayo umsebenzi kwenziwa iziboshwa ezivela kwamanye amakamu. Ngo-1939, it wathola iziboshwa yayo yokuqala. Kwakumelwe abesifazane 867 abaqhubeka nokwanda kwalo.

Kusukela ngo-1940, leli kamu yaqala ukubonakala inkampani:

• yendwangu kanye lesikhumba umkhakha;
• ukukhathazeka electrotechnical "Siemens";
• ezempi kanye nezezimboni.

LaseRavensbrück kwadingeka babe baningi subcamp, okuyinto atholiwe ezindaweni ezahlukene.

ziboshwa ezase

Ekuqaleni, ekamu kwaku abameleli eJalimane, oziphatha ngayo nangendlela abaphila ngayo 'hlaza isizwe. " Kulezi ziboshwa kwakunabazalwane esebenzayo yokumelana bomlilo, abameleli boFakazi BaJehova kanye nabesifazane okuyibona baziphathe kabi.

Esikhatsini laseRavensbrück (ekamu lokuhlushwa, isithombe okuyinto ethulwa impahla yethu) oboné abameleli bezizwe eziningi (angaphezu kuka-40). Phakathi kwabo kwakuno-Jalimane, i-Pole, a lwamaGypsy, isiFulentshi, Jewish, Belgian, baseRomania kanye nabanye. Kubandakanya phakathi iziboshwa zesifazane neziboshwa yaseSoviet yokuthuthela impi.

Ngokwe-ukubhaliswa uhlu ekamu, kwakukhona abesifazane abangaphezu kuka-132 eziyinkulungwane (kuhlanganise nezingane), amadoda ayizinkulungwa-20.

Uhlu ezinye iziboshwa abesifazane:

• Dina Babbitt - umdwebi Czech futhi umqophi.
• Maya Berezovskaya - umculi Polish.
• Pol Bernar - French Red Cross umhlengikazi.
• Galina Birenbaum - umJuda abavela ePoland, umbhali, umbhali wezinkondlo.
• Zheneveva De Gaulle-Antonioz - isiFulentshi, umkhulumeli ukunyakaza ukumelana naso, lo Umshana uMongameli Omhlangano Omkhulu Wesihlanu Republic eFrance.
• Zhyulett Greko - Umculi French nomlingisikazi.
• Maria Filomena Dolanskaya - owesifazane Czech, uthisha kanye indelakazi.
• Milena Jesenská - intatheli eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia.
• Philippine Rothschild Sereys - Baroness, umnikazi wesivini abadumile Ezinqaba Mouton Rothschild.
• Vanda Yakubovskaya - Polish umqondisi ifilimu.

Lezi yizibonelo ezimbalwa nje amagama ezinkulungwane, ukufunda ukuthi ekamu lokuhlushwa enjalo insikazi laseRavensbrück.

isheduli ekamu

Ngokushesha ngemva efika ekamu bonke abesifazane kwakungamadodana izinqubo ezifanayo, ngaphandle kokubheka isikhathi sonyaka. Bakhandwa nqunu emgwaqeni, ngagunda izinwele zabo, ngiphakamisa konke okungokwakhe siqu futhi imibhalo. Ngakho kokuba belinde isikhathi sako kule okugeza, ngemva kwalokho wathola izingubo, amakamelo, Winkel futhi kusakazwe emabhalekisini.

Bonke abesifazane banikwa ingubo enemishwe Slippers lokhuni. Kulesi ngemvunulo, baya yimuphi sezulu. LaseRavensbrück, izindaba olutholakalayo Umlando ezihlukahlukene, kwaba nesihluku ikakhulukazi. Iziboshwa eziningi zesifazane baphoqeleka ukuba bahambe bengafaké zicathulo sonke isikhathi ngenxa ukunikeza emikhawulweni frostbite.

Ikamu yasetshenziselwa uhlelo izinombolo futhi Winkel. Iziboshwa akazange zinamagama zaba khona ngaphansi izinombolo ukuthi ithungwe ukuba dress. Ngenhla lekhodi ukuhlonza ibekwe ipuleti elingunxantathu, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i Winkel. Ngokusho nombala inquma isigaba:

• Red - walilwela ukumelana, isiboshwa sezombusazwe;
• yellow - umJuda;
• Green - isephulamthetho we icala lobugebengu;
• Purple - uJehova ubufakazi (YamaProthestani);
• Black - Roma owesifazane nokuziphatha kwabantu ngokungafanele.

Maphakathi Winkel ibekwe incwadi, okuyinto ekhombise ubuzwe.

Nsuku zonke abesifazane uthole Wayevuka ngehora lesine ekuseni, Ufika sengifaka ingxenye inkomishi yekhofi esikhundleni futhi zikleliswe emgwaqeni ngoba ucingo roll, eyathatha amahora 2-3. Okulandelayo Aqhubeka imisebenzi amahora 12-14.

Umsebenzi emini bakwazi ukuthola ikhefu lesigamu sehora, futhi kwasemini ngesimo isigamu ilitha lamanzi kanye peelings amazambane noma rutabaga. Kulabo wasebenza ebusuku, break azange linikelwe.

Kusihlwa isheke kwaba okufanayo njengoba ekuseni. Ngemva ke iziboshwa ukunikeza 200 amagremu kafulawa isinkwa, futhi sawdust futhi okufanayo ikhofi esikhundleni.

Iziboshwa avunyelwe ukuthumela e-mail, kodwa akukho ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa inyanga ngaphansi ukucwaninga esiqinile. Le ncwadi kancane iphutha noma lokuposa wathumela hhayi axoshwe.

Izindlela ukubulala

Washona ngo-laseRavensbrück kwaba, ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene, esuka kubantu 50 kuya kwezingu-92. Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu sokufa iba ukungondleki, ukufukuziswa bengenazo nezindlu zangasese ezinezitamkoko, ukuhlukunyezwa okwedlulele.

Uma njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili ubhoko ekamu abakhethelwa neziboshwa ezazingebona ubhujiswe. Okokuqala, kwaba nalabo abakwazanga ukusebenza. Babulala wadutshulwa ekhanda. Die nsuku zonke kuze kube abantu 50.

Ukuze uyaca iziboshwa wathumela e-Auschwitz nezinye amakamu anjalo. Kamuva, ngo-1943, abesifazane baqala bakamalalahlengezela abulawe ensimini ka ekamu lokuhlushwa. Ngenxa yale njongo, ngomjovo obulalayo engazi futhi lapho kushiswa khona izidumbu.

Ngo-1944, laseRavensbrück (ekamu lokuhlushwa) wavakashela UHimmler, wayala ukuba balahle zonke iziboshwa ubudala nababuthaka ka. Kuze kube yimanje, siye bamenyelwe "ochwepheshe ukubhujiswa" ka -Auschwitz, Birkenau.

Abesifazane bahlolelwa yamathanga akhethekile labo epha ikhadi pink nge zesi-Latin "VV" ( "ikamu ukufa, babhubhise") bayiswa Uckermark. Kube kokuba belinde isikhathi sokufa kwakhe, nakuba imibhalo esemthethweni bona ziphuthunyiswe isikhungo Wellness, elise eSilesia. Ekuqaleni, abanikazi ikhadi pink mayunithi inhlamvu ekhanda, kodwa inqubo kancane kakhulu, ngakho kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe le esinobuthi. Bafa imizuzu 2-3 abesifazane 150 nje.

ucwaningo lwezokwelapha

Ukuze siqhube ukuhlolwa kuqala ku eziboshwa waqala 01.08.1942. It is wafakazela ukuthi yonke inkathi laseRavensbrück nokucwaninga yezokwelapha owabeka 86 abesifazane iziboshwa.

Injongo ukuhlola kuqala kwakungumprofethi ukucacisa ngempumelelo kwemithi emisha yokwelapha lacerations ezijulile, kuhlanganise isibhamu. Abesifazane abebekwenza ku engxenyeni engenhla kwethanga esijulile ithambo, ukusika futhi injected ukuba Staphylococci kanye nezinye izinhlobo amagciwane. Lokhu kwasusa ukubukeka okusheshayo esibhibhayo nomhlathi-ngqi.

Esilondeni yayifana inhlamvu, ngokuvamile wanezela izinhlayiya ngengilazi, ukhuni nensimbi. Zonke izenzo kwenziwe, kanye nemithelela yabo eqoshiwe ngokucophelela. Sekube ushintsho kancane emzimbeni iziboshwa - kusukela nesenzakalo lokushisa ekufeni. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo banikezwe umbiko esikoleni wezempi ngo-1943. ekamu lokuhlushwa laseRavensbrück nokuhlukunyezwa okwenzeka akubona bonke isiboshwa, wayedume Kungekhona lokho kuphela.

Inhloso ukuhlola kwesibili kwaba ukunquma ukuthi kungenzeka ukufakelwa ithambo izicubu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, abesifazane enempilo babe nemilenze ephukile isicelo usimende. Ukuze ubone inqubo ukuhlolwa, Guinea ukuphuma ijwabu eziphilayo ukuze adalule ithambo. Abanye besifazane abangamaRom babesizakala usinqume umlenze enempilo noma ehlombe kuthathwe abahlinzakho kwelinye ikamu, lapho bathunga la malungu omzimba kwabanye.

Lena ingxenye kuphela yemali ababeyitholile ucwaningo. I ucwaningo ezinesihluku kakhulu abangu ukubulala imijovo izingane enempilo futhi isisu e senyanga lokugcina fetus nokushiswa ngokushesha.

ikamu Ezokuphepha

Usigaxamabhande kwekamu ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene babe Tamashke Gunther, Maks Kegel, uFritz SUHNER. Abasebenzi ayengekho amadoda kuphela, kodwa futhi abesifazane abangaphezu kuka-150. Ngoqeqesho kwathatha matrons ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 4. Avame nonya ngokweqile futhi Ukuthanda sadism.

"Ukufa Mashi"

Phakathi ukubaleka we amabutho aseJalimane kanye kuhlengwe ekamu. iziboshwa 27/04/1945 baqhutshwa entshonalanga. Inombolo yabo lafinyelela abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20, 3 million yasala dengwane ekamu lokuhlushwa.

Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, onogada abangama-SS kwesokunxele iziboshwa ezivalelwe emabhalekisini Malchow, futhi ngakusasa ekuseni bakhululwa, Red Army.

kudedelwe iziboshwa

Usuku yokukhululwa ubhekwa 30.4.1945, lapho amabutho 2nd Front isi-Byelorussian atakulwa isiboshwa. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa laseRavensbrück (ekamu lokuhlushwa), izinkumbulo zazo ngeke zinyamalale eminyaka, wagcwala odokotela, abaye wadala esibhedlela yesikhashana.

Kuze 1993 endaweni amabutho aseSoviet lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi nokubekwa zayo.

Izilingo izigebengu impi

Eyokuqala nokulingwa we izisebenzi ekamu esenzeka eminyakeni 1946-1948. Umphumela waba 16 izigwebo zentambo.

Abanye abasebenzi SS abaleka e-United States, kodwa ngisho namashumi eminyaka kamuva ibalwa futhi badingiselwa necala eJalimane. Abantu eyayizingela amaNazi amacala abo njengengxenye SS, waziwa ngokuthi "iphisi amaNazi."

Imemori zomlando ka iziboshwa ekamu

Ngo-1959, uhulumeni GDR, kwakhishwa umyalo wokuba wendawo lapho laseRavensbrück (ekamu lokuhlushwa) elalikuyo, wadala National Memorial "laseRavensbrück". Okulandelayo ashiyiwe njengoba izinto zokuqala:

• Usigaxamabhande;
• izidumbu;
• ukwakha ngamakhamera;
• umgwaqo komhlaba okuholela kwechibi;
• Ucezu odongeni ekamu.

I element central ku echibini kwaba tshe "yenkampani yenethiwekhi", elaklanywa Villa Lammert. Ngakho laseRavensbrück (ekamu lokuhlushwa), lapho lesikhumbuzo elimiswe eJalimane, ngoba abaningi sekuwuphawu zonke benza izenzo zobugebengu ezinyantisayo obenziwa esintwini.

Ngo-1996 wakhulula ifilimu documentary, okuyinto Kuxoxwa iziboshwa ezinhlanu wangaphambili zesifazane ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene - Austria, e-Italy, eNetherlands, eRussia. Umqondisi steel screenwriter Dutch Annette Van Barneveld futhi Annemarie Streybos. It ngokuthi Umdwebo "Izinto esezadlula."

Ngo-2005 kwafika ukudalwa umqondisi iFederal Republic of Germany Lorett Valts, ngubani baqoqa enengxoxo neziboshwa zangaphambilini iminyaka engu-25. Documentary siqukethe izindaba ezingaphezu kuka-200 iziboshwa zesifazane futhi ubizwa ngokuthi "Abesifazane Ravensbrueck."

LaseRavensbrück (The World War Okwesibili ka-1939-1945) eyathatha iminyaka eyisithupha, kwashona amashumi ezinkulungwane abesifazane nezingane ongazange afune le mpi.