Megacities futhi endaweni ngobukhulu idolobha emhlabeni

Umphakathi wanamuhla ngenxa izinqubo eziningi global kuba abantu abahlala emadolobheni ngaphezulu. Ngakho-ke umbuzo cwaningo kanye nencazelo amadolobha kanye agglomerations engaphezu kuka efanele. Isihloko esichaza endaweni amakhulu emhlabeni, kanye nencazelo igama elithi "agglomeration" kunikezwa.

Kuyini agglomeration

encyclopedia eziningi zanamuhla ukuchaza agglomeration njengoba lokuhlushwa enkulu nemizana, okuyizinto ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, futhi ezimweni ezehlukile, nemfundo yasemakhaya ukuthi ehlangana zibe munye ngenxa ubudlelwane kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko. Le ndawo ngobukhulu idolobha emhlabeni baqala ukuyisa ukuma phakathi nekhulu-Athazeksesi, lapho ukukhula zasemadolobheni iphutha yonke indawo. Ngekhulu xxi ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni yakhula futhi baqhubeka ngendlela entsha.

zingase zimiswe Agglomeration emhlabeni omunye kwedolobha elikhulu wabiza monocentric. Isibonelo agglomerations abanjalo bangabaphostoli New York Paris. Uhlobo lwesibili ngokuthi endaweni polycentric wedolobha, okungase kusho ukuthi edolobheni kuhlanganisa nemizana ezinkulu eziningana, okuyinto, ngokwahlukana yilowo nalowo ngendlela, kusisekelo. Isibonelo esimangalisayo endaweni polycentric wedolobha iyona Ruhr esifundeni eJalimane.

Ukuze 2005, emhlabeni wonke kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-400 agglomerations, isibalo sabantu ngamunye kubo kudlulwe 2 million. Le ndawo ngobukhulu idolobha ibalazwe izwe elise sasivumela ngokulinganayo, kodwa emakamu olukhulu kakhulu nasemkhakheni kwezomnotho emazweni athuthukile. Ezindaweni eziyishumi ngobukhulu idolobha emhlabeni kunabantu abangaphezu kuka-230 million (okuningi kuka labantu Russian Federation).

Tokyo futhi Yokohama

Yiqiniso, agglomeration enkulu - iyona inhloko-dolobha yaseJapane, Tokyo. bakhona namuhla iseduze abantu abayizigidi ezingu-38, eziningi ngaphezu kwalezo ezibonwa labantu emazweni amaningi aseYurophu (Switzerland, Poland, Netherlands nabanye). Agglomeration Okokuthola polycentric futhi ihlanganisa kathi kwale mizi emibili central - Yokohama futhi Tokyo, kanye inqwaba nemizana amancane. endaweni Agglomeration kuyinto ayizinkulungwane 13.5 km ^2.

Maphakathi kule ndawo enkulukazi wedolobha siqukethe ezindaweni ezintathu ezisemadolobheni ukuthi zitholakala emhlabeni IHlalankosi eTokyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo muzi namanje izifunda 20 izizinda eziningana (Gunma, Kanagawa, Ibaraki, njll). Sonke lesi sakhiwo yeBhayibheli evame ukubizwa ngokuthi Tokyo Greater.

London

Okwamanje kukhona izincazelo eziningi insimu okwakuhlala kuyo emzini London itholakala. Phakathi kwabo, Greater London, London County ngisho London wesifunda yeposi noma yocingo. Ososayensi ngokuvamile uhlukanise e isakhiwo sendawo isikhungo inhlokodolobha British okuwumlando (City), Inner London (13 amabhlogo idolobha), engaphandle London (izindawo ezindala suburban). Zonke lezi zinto akha isakhiwo indawo kanye labantu, okuyinto has endaweni ngobukhulu wedolobha emhlabeni.

imingcele Administrative London namaphethelo asibekela cishe 11 000 km ² elinabantu abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-12. Kule ndawo kuhlanganisa okuthiwa satellite edolobheni elingasenyakatho yeLondon: Bracknell, Harlow, Basildon, Crawley nabanye. Futhi nje lezo zindawo ukuthi kukhona eduze dolobha, Essex, Surrey, Kent, Hertfordshire.

Paris

Lwekuphatfwa ngalokuyimphumelelo, wedolobha laseParis ungoyedwa iminyango ngaphakathi esifundeni Ile-de-France. Kodwa inhlokodolobha has goba eside ngaphansi kwakhe yonke iminyango eyisishiyagalombili, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba zokuphatha okwamanje imiswe okwesikhashana. A Paris emadolobheni iyisikhungo esinomthwalo izimfanelo efanayo ezindaweni amakhulu zezwe kanye agglomeration. Ikakhulukazi, Paris has inqwaba amadolobha satellite, okuyinto zakhiwa futhi wajoyina enhlokodolobha emuva ngawo-1960.

Ukwakhiwa okubizwa ngokuthi emadolobheni ezintsha - ngokukhethekile wadala Paris iziphuphutheki sethulwa ngo umqhele enkulu ngo-1960.

Paris njengoba inhlokodolobha French ne okuthiwa amadolobha amasha kanye namafomu umqhele a agglomeration omkhulu, noma Grand Paris. Le ndawo yaleli dolobha elikhulu kunendawo ayizinkulungwane 12 ^km2, kanye labantu - abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-13. Paris ndawo ngobukhulu wedolobha e imephu izwe laseYurophu.

agglomeration Asian

Muva nje, ukuphila kwezomnotho kanye namasiko emhlabeni iqala ukuzuza isikhundla Asia. I amazwe ase-Asia nazo bagxila endaweni ngobukhulu wedolobha emhlabeni. Isibonelo esicacile lingumuzi Mumbai, inani lezakhamuzi zazo idlula abantu abayizigidi ezingu-22. Noma inhlokodolobha Philippine ka Manila linabantu ezingu-20 futhi Delhi elinabantu-18 million. EChina, i-akhawunti namaphethelo cishe 10% wendawo lonke lelo zwe. Lezi megacities like Shanghai (izigidi ezingu-19) futhi-Hong Kong (elinabantu abayizigidi 15), bayizibonelo ezinhle yokuphila yasedolobheni izinqubo eMpumalanga.

Ngakho, umongo samanje kwembulunga yonke futhi ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha amakhulu ikhule futhi ibe namaphethelo, okuyinto izwe liya liba nokuningi.