Ukuvumelana nezimo - lokhu ... Umqondo futhi izinhlobo kuyaqina. Kuyaqina of nezidingo

Kuyaqina ibizwa ngokuthi ezingeni wokusabela elilodwa variable kwezomnotho, kuyilapho ezinye izinguquko. Ngamanye amazwi, kuyaqina - nesihlobo ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona yezimpahla kusukela ezihlukahlukene intengo futhi okungezona intengo izici.

Highlights

Ukuthembela izinkomba ezifana kwaneliswe isidingo, ungaphakathi izinto eziningi. Njengoba ixhunyaniswe, futhi kuyaqina eside.

Ngo-mbono, umnotho walulama imiqondo ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona elasticities.

Kuyaqina isidingo somkhiqizo ngamaphesenti ushintsho amanani noma engenayo yezinguquko funa. It ikhona ukuqapha indlela abathengi basabela nokwanda futhi ukwehla kwamanani.

Okwazekayo kwezomnotho ihlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana intengo funa kuyaqina, esekelwe izici ukusebenza:

• funa Nokunwebeka (obungaphezulu kwento eyodwa). Lokhu kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu esigabeni okunethezeka.
• funa Inelastic (engaphansi). Lesi sigaba ezidingo eziyisisekelo.
• Befuna iyunithi nge kuyaqina (lingana kuze fike). Lezi zihlanganisa imikhiqizo umthengi ekhetha ngamunye.
• funa inelastic ngokuphelele (zero). Izimpahla ezifana isinkwa, usawoti, nemithi.
• Ngokuphelele funa nokunwebeka (alinganayo infinity). Kukhona kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo izimakethe ephelele.

Inani kuyaqina ukunikezela ngamaphesenti izinguquko intengo ne ushintsho ukunikezela ezingeni. Kule sibalo bathonywe izinto ezinjalo:

• Ukuba khona / ukungabikho ukukhiqizwa esiqiwini (uma kwenzeka ukuthi kukhona izinqolobane, supply kuyinto nokunwebeka).
• Ikhono ugcine amasheya imikhiqizo siphelile (uma kunjalo, uhlelo nezimo).

Izinhlobo ezinkulu:

• ukuthengisela nokunwebeka. Ngisho ne banda ngamaphesenti angu oyedwa amanani kakhulu anda ukufunwa imikhiqizo.
• Ukunikeza nge iyunithi kuyaqina. kunokwanda ezifanayo ukunikezela emakethe ngesikhathi lenza ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu oyedwa amanani.
• ukuthengisela Inelastic. Nothing enzeka uma isiphakamiso kwamanani.
• Kuyaqina "okwamanje". Isikhathi lincane kangangokuthi abakhiqizi kanye nabathengisi awunaso isikhathi ukuphendula izinguquko amanani.

Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo High esikhathini eside. It unikeza nokunwebeka ngaphezulu, ngoba abakhiqizi awunaso isikhathi esanele ukwakha ubukghoni elikhiqizayo noma ukusheshisa inqubo ukukhiqizwa.

Ngemva kokuhlaziya kwaneliswe isidingo, kungenzeka ukuhlonza Amathrendi labalulekile eluLwimi izinguquko nemiqondo ephathelene intengo noma okungezona intengo izici. Ngokusebenzisa lokhu zavela ngumthetho ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona. Ngokuvamile abacwaningi kuyinto ubufakazi obanele bokuthi ukwanda kwamanani kuholela Ukwehliswa isidingo imikhiqizo. Badinga olunembile ukulinganisa ambalwa, ngoba kwehliswa okusheshayo, kancane, lubuthakathaka kumbe luqinile.

Market ukuzwela mayelana namanani entengo, imali noma ezinye izimo ukusebenza kubonakala izinkomba kuyaqina, izimpawu izici ezikhethekile.

Imininingwane zomlando

Umqondo kuyaqina theory emnothweni eyavela kamuva, kodwa ngokushesha waba omunye ayisisekelo. Igama elithi jikelele emnothweni babevela ngesayensi yemvelo. URobert Boyle ekhulwini lesikhombisa ngokutadisha izakhiwo igesi kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "kuyaqina". Kodwa uma ucabangela definition kwezomnotho we -Alfred Marshall kuphela 1885. usosayensi waseBrithani is hhayi umqondo yasungulwa. Ukusebenzisa ipumelelo u-Adam Smith noDavide Ricardo, wanikeza incazelo yokuqala okucacile Coefficient intengo kuyaqina isidingo.

Kuze kube manje, akukho kwesigaba omunye umnotho, okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukuthi básebenzisa igama elithi "kuyaqina". Lapha futhi funa ukuhlaziywa nge isiphakamiso inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela amafemu kanye nowe kwezomnotho, ubudlelwane yomnotho womhlaba, okulindele kwezomnotho kanye nabanye. Ukuvumelana nezimo - igama, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukuba khona umnotho yesimanje.

kuyaqina ngezigaba

Izinhlobo eside kwezomnotho ngokuthi:

• Intengo kuyaqina isidingo;
• kuyaqina ukunikezela kanye nezindleko;
• engenayo kuyaqina isidingo;
• cross-intengo kuyaqina isidingo;
• ukhombe kuyaqina isidingo;
• kuyaqina Arc isidingo;
• kuyaqina of umugqa oqondile;
• kuyaqina Technical wokumelana;
• Intengo kuyaqina kanye nomholo okungu.

Point kuyaqina - kuyinto njalo ku nezidingo imigqa. It is kulinganiswa ngesinye isikhathi, kungakho igama layo liyi kwethemu. Point kuyaqina kuyinto ngesilinganiso Inhloso nozwela nezidingo ukuze zamanani entengo nemali engenayo izinguquko.

kuyaqina Arc - mayelana ezingeni impendulo. Akukona unikeze idatha olunembile (ngokungafani kuya indawo). kuyaqina Arc isidingo iyona isilinganiso kwaneliswe isidingo yezinguquko amanani noma ukuthola iholo. Kuyadingeka ukuba ngokushesha ukuhlola isimo jikelele emakethe.

Coefficient kuyaqina

Coefficient imali kuyaqina unesibopho degree of izinguquko belinani isici (ivolumu ukubiza noma ukunikezela), kuyilapho ezinye izinguquko (intengo, imali noma izindleko) ngamaphesenti eyodwa.

Kuyaqina ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona esibaliwe ratio ushintsho ezingeni isidingo (supply) ukushintsha noma iyiphi iphesenti etintfweni. Determinant - into kunemtselela ukunikezela funa. I Coefficient kuyaqina kuncike etintfweni izinkomba.

Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo ihluke nomunye e degree izinguquko funa ezingeni ngaphansi kwethonya nezici ezithile. Ukubhekana ukufunwa mikhiqizo ushintsho quantifiable ngumuntu isici. Izinguquko ziphoqa kuyaqina nomthelela isimo emakethe iyonke.

Le nkulumo ibhekisela inqubo okuzivumelanisa ekushintsheni uhlelo emakethe yezinto eziyinhloko ezibangela. Lezi zihlanganisa intengo umkhiqizo, imali kwamakhasimende futhi izindleko izimpahla analog.

ngokubala izindlela

I Coefficient kuyaqina imali ibalwa ngezindlela eziningana. Ngo ukubala, kukhona izindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo:

• kuyaqina Arc noma kuvumelana nezimo we arc. Isetshenziselwa ukukala kuyaqina phakathi kwezindawo phezu kwaneliswe isidingo Curves. Luhilela ulwazi original futhi ezingeni elilandelayo yentengo nevolumu.
• kuyaqina Spot noma kuyaqina of iphuzu. Isetshenziselwa ezimweni lapho kukhona idatha mayelana nemisebenzi funa (supply) kanye kokuqala amazinga intengo, kanye nobukhulu isidingo (supply). Lokhu ifomula sisetshenziswa nge ushintsho oluncane intengo noma yimuphi omunye ipharamitha.

izakhiwo Key

Kususelwa ukuzimisela, imisebenzi kanye namafomula, kulandele enjalo kuyaqina izakhiwo:

• kuyaqina ukubaluleka okukhulu incike amayunithi alinganisa ivolumu, intengo noma amanye amapharamitha;
• kuyaqina imisebenzi okuhambisanayo kukhona ukubaluleka okuhambisanayo.

Kukhona okukhethwa kukho okuthathu main kuncike ekushintshashintsheni intengo emakethe yamavolumu isidingo:

1. funa Inelastic. Kwenzeka lapho isibalo sempahla ethengwayo landa ngamaphesenti angaphansi ngoba amaphesenti ukwehla intengo ngamunye.
2. Nge ukwanda umkhiqizo uthenge ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwelilodwa futhi ukunciphisa intengo iphesenti funa kuba nokunwebeka.
3. Umqondo kuyaqina olulodwa kwenzeka uma nenani zokukhiqiza kabili ngenxa ukwehla intengo yayo uhhafu.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza isidingo kuyaqina

• Isici isikhathi (ngoba isici esikhathini eside funa nokunwebeka ngaphezulu).
• Ukuba khona noma ukutholakala kwezimpahla-analogue (uma lezi abekho, ingozi ekunciphiseni nesidingo okungenani).
• Ingxenye izindleko imikhiqizo ifakwe isabelomali umthengi.
• emakethe ukugcwaliswa ezingeni ukukhiqiza.
• Kungenzeka ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo.
• Ukubaluleka mkhiqizo umthengi.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza inelasticity isidingo

Cabanga zikhathi lapho ikhasimende has nomthelela ngqo:

• ethanda izimpahla nge izici emihle (baningi amanani inelastic, uma umkhiqizo akusebenzi noma ukukopela okulindelwe amakhasimende);
• Abathengi ngokuvamile uyala umkhiqizo umenzi (kuleli cala, uzimisele ukuba sizinake ngaphezu);
• abathengi angeke ngokwanele unolwazi mayelana umkhiqizo othize;
• Inani akuyona okusezingeni eliphezulu kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi isabelomali;
• umthengi unethuba ukonga uhlobo oluthile izimpahla.

Income kuyaqina isidingo

Ichazwa ngokuthi ezingeni izinguquko belinani imali amaphesenti ngamunye. ukukhula Revenue kwandisa kungenzeka ukwenza ukuthenga, isidingo kwandisa, futhi kuyaqina isidingo omuhle.

Uma Coefficient kuyaqina lincane (ngaphezu kuka-zero kodwa engaphansi), khona-ke kuyinto imikhiqizo prime isidingo. Uma mkhulu kwelilodwa, kungcono uphawu lokunethezeka.

Njengoba for izimpahla eliphansi, kukhona imali kuyaqina isidingo alivumi (ngaphansi kuka-zero). Ukuvumelana nezimo - sibalo ukuthi kushintsha njalo kuye ngokuthi isimo emakethe.

Cross-kuyaqina isidingo

Lesi isilinganiso ikhombisa izinga lokuguqulwa ukufunwa umkhiqizo owodwa, ngesikhathi intengo nezinye izinguquko ngamaphesenti eyodwa. He is positive, omubi futhi zero.

Uma isilinganiso mkhulu kunezinhliziyo zero ke le mikhiqizo nezilandiso, uma engaphansi, imikhiqizo umphelelisi nomunye. Endabeni cross-kuyaqina isidingo zero ke izimpahla akuzona sincike komunye nomunye futhi azinamphumela kwesidzingo.

Isici esiyinhloko kwesiphambano-kuyaqina imikhiqizo ehlukene - umthengi izakhiwo kwezimpahla, esikhundleni sabo noma ngaphezu.

Omunye imihlola ezivamile emakethe - iyona kuyaqina komkhiqizo. Cross azilingani: eyodwa incike kweminye imikhiqizo.

Abacwaningi baye baphawula ukuthi kunzima ekunqumeni imingcele imikhakha nge cross-kuyaqina Coefficient. Lezi zihlanganisa lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

1. Hard kunqunywa ovumelekile ezingeni lelisetulu cross-kuyaqina emagatsheni ahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, cross-kuyaqina imifino eqandisiwe inkampani kuphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ukukhiqizwa inhlama nemifino eqandisiwe ndawonye - kakhulu. Ngakho, luhlala akucaci ukuthi noma cha ukukhuluma mayelana amagatsha amabili noma ngayinye kudingeka.
2. Circuit lesiphambano-kuyaqina (isib, okusezingeni eliphezulu cross-kuyaqina kuzokwenzeka phakathi umbala omnyama nomhlophe TV).

kuyaqina ukunikezela

Coefficient yentengo kuyaqina ukunikezela lisezingeni elinjani izinguquko ambalwa, kuyilapho izinguquko intengo ngamaphesenti eyodwa.

Degree ezinguquko ukunikezela kuncike washintsha intengo kuyaqina ukunikezela siyimali. Ngezinga elithile ukuze lolu shintsho - Coefficient okunwebeka izipesheli, ebalwa njengoba isilinganiso evolumu ekunyuseni amanani.

Ezinquma ukuthi kuyaqina ukunikezela izindleko:

• esibekiwe (leso - inelastic, okufutshane - ingashintshwa ukuze intengo esishintshayo eside - nokunwebeka);
• kungenzeka isitoreji eside kwezimpahla usuqedile bese uthenge izinto zokusetshenziswa for umkhiqizo wabo;
• ngqo ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi (bomsebenzi okunikezwa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo);
• okukhiphayo esiphezulu nge umthwalo zigcwele.

Inani kuyaqina ukunikezela siyashintsha ngenxa umthelela zobuchwepheshe kuyaqhubeka, futhi kukuncane of izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezinye nempahla eye yasetshenziswa.

Ukuze kuncishiswe elasticities ukunikezela okuholela yokukhulisa kungagcini impahla eluhlaza, okuyinto lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa.

isiphetho

Ukuvumelana nezimo - alolu yempendulo izinkomba kwezomnotho at nomunye.

kwaneliswe isidingo imisebenzi encike inqwaba intengo futhi okungezona intengo izici (etintfweni).

Kuyaqina of kwesidzingo function kanye supply libhekene nozwela nezidingo yezinguquko factor njengoba amaphesenti. Ukuze izinhlangano zikwazi ukusungula kuyaqina kwelinye noma elinye iphuzu, udinga ukuthola esuselwe olungaphelele umsebenzi ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona endaweni determinant ethize.