Sophistry - isikole esiyingqayizivele zefilosofi zasendulo

Indlela yokucabanga zefilosofi kuwo wonke nangenkathi athuthukile osebenzisa isimiso esifana: esikhundleni zonke onobuhle jikelele ukuza izimfundiso abavuka ngokucijile ngokumelene zonke Metaphysics futhi ubheke ukulinganiselwa ukwazi futhi cognition. Descartes futhi Leibniz weza U-Immanuel Kant, ngokuba materialists yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, futhi Hegel - positivists. EGrisi lasendulo, sombuso zonke sciences nakumafilosofi ngokukhethekile, isimo esinjalo ukuba uhlale njalo. Omunye esikoleni ukugxeka kanye ukuphikisa omunye, bese okuphambene nalokho. Nokho, kwakukhona abantu ababezinikele ikhambi yokuqala zonke izingxabano, uma zonke izikole yokucabanga kule eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma kungqubuzane, khona-ke kungenzeka konke 'amaqiniso "zabo futhi' izinkulumo" kukhona "imicabango yabantu" kuphela? Phela, eqinisweni, akekho ombonile noma uJehova, noma uNkulunkulu, uMdali, noma umuntu ezilinganiselwe noma engaphelele. Sophistry - ingabe ncamashi "iphilisi" efanayo ngokumelene izimpi zefilosofi engapheli.

Ngobani amaSophist?

Laba bameleli be-eyaziwa kakhulu kulesi sikole babe Protagoras, Antiphon, Hippias, Gorgias, Prodicus, Likofron. Sophistry - uhlelo egxile ekufundiseni zobuhle, ukuhlakanipha, ubugagu kanye nolwazi oluyisisekelo nge ukuphathwa. Kusukela izibalo yesimanje basondelene kakhulu ke kukhona Deyl Karnegi. sophistry Antique lihlelo lokuthoma, okuyinto eyayimelelwa okubizwa ngokuthi "ulwazi-nabathengisi" owakhuphula uhlobo innovative ubudlelwano phakathi abafundi nokufunda - zokuxhumana mutual kanti nokuphatha abantu ngokufanayo.

Yayiyini bale esikoleni yokucabanga?

AmaSophist bafundziswe benza abantu bakholelwe ukuthi bazicabangele futhi zihlotshaniswa ukuvela intando yeningi emadolobheni amaningi ngesiGreki. Amemezela nesimiso esiyisisekelo ukulingana phakathi kwabantu, baye babeka phambili theory kanye imiqondo, okwagcina yabeka isisekelo ukwakhiwa ubudlelwane yesimanje emkhakheni komthetho kanye nokuphatha umphakathi. Sophistry - kuyisisekelo Psychology, kolimi yesayensi, ubuhlakani, izinkolelo-mbono umsuka izinkolo.

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi "sophist"?

Sophistry - isikole yokucabanga ukuthi liye lasakazekela eGrisi lasendulo. Le mfundiso yasungulwa ososayensi kusukela Polis yesiGreki Athens mayelana nengxenye sekhulu lesihlanu BC yesibili. Igama elithi "sophist" lihunyushwa lisuselwa esiGrekini ngokuthi "esikweyoku." Ngakho ngokuthi othisha abaqeqeshiwe, efundisa abantu ubuciko ubugagu. Ngeshwa, emibhalweni obaba owasungula elahleka cishe ngokuphelele, kuze kube yilolu suku, cishe akukho lutho weza. Nokho, ngokusebenzisa idatha engaqondile batholé ukuthi lokhu lombhalo zefilosofi abazange bazame ukwakha uhlelo esinobunye semfundo nolwazi. Abazange ulihlanganisa ukubaluleka nokumisa ukuqeqeshwa. Injongo amaSophist wayengomunye - ukufundisa abafundi ukuphikisa nokuphoqelela ukuvula ingxoxo. Ngakho kubhekwe ukuthi ubunkimbinkimbi zakudala zefilosofi - imfundiso kaZiqu okuhloswe ngaso mpendulo.

amaSophist "Omkhulu"

Ngokusekelwe ngokulandelana kwazo ngokomlando, singaxoxa mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu Amathrendi ezimbili - sefilosofi "eziphezulu" futhi "junior" we sophism. "Omkhulu" (Gorgias, Protagoras, Antiphon) amaSophist kwakuyiqembu abacwaningi ngombono kwesimilo, ezombusazwe, umthetho kanye nembuso. Relativism ka Protagoras, owathi "indoda - esilinganisweni izinto" alethwe kuleli ekuphikeni esikoleni weqiniso injalo umgomo. Ngokwe imiqondo "eziphezulu" ka amaSophist, ndaba - kushintsheke namanzi, futhi njengoba kuyinto enjalo, ukuthi bezibona uguqulwa nezinguquko njalo. Lokho kusho ukuthi okushiwo izinto ezifihlekile ndaba ngokwayo elibanzi ukwethula ukuthi kuyiqiniso akunakwenzeka, Ngakho-ke, ukukhuluma ngakho kungaba noma yini oyithandayo. sophistry Antique "eziphezulu" kuyinto subjective ngokuphelele futhi posits le kwezinto yolwazi kanye namakhono. Zonke abalobi lo mkhuba usukela umqondo wokuthi ukhona uqobo akekho, ngoba ulwazi asikwazi elibanzi nabanye.

amaSophist "Omncane"

Amalungu "junior" zalesi sikole yokucabanga, okuhlanganisa eKrethe, Alkidama, Likofron, Polemon, Hippodamus futhi Frazimaha, sophistry - a "juggling" A magama kanye namatemu, ukusetshenziswa namaqhinga zamanga ukuthi kwakuzobonisa kokubili amanga iqiniso. NgesiGreki, elithi "sophistry" kusho "ngobuqili", njengoba kubonakala imisebenzi abalandeli le mfundiso ukusetshenziswa namaqhinga ngamazwi ukuthi iyadukisa. agumenti Yande zamanga esekelwe ukwephulwa logic.

Isimiso methodological of sophistry

Kuyini sophistry ngokuya esebenza ngayo ngokoqobo? Indlela evamile eyokuthi "quadrupling" ukuthi wephule isimiso syllogism ukuthi kumele abe ngaphezulu imigomo emithathu. Ngakho it kudala ingxabano zamanga, esebenzisa non-Ubunikazi imiqondo ngokusobala efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo: "Isela akafuni ukuthenga lutho engadingekile. I ukuthola okuthile okuhle - kungcono ibhizinisi okuhle. Ngenxa yalokho, isela bemagange ukwenza isenzo esihle. " Futhi indlela ethandwa - yigama isilinganiso collective lapho syllogistic nikhuluma imigomo iphazamiseke ukusatshalaliswa by volume. Ngokwesibonelo: osomaqhinga - abantu, abanye abantu ukudlala i-violin, zonke osomaqhinga ukudlala i-violin.