Inkinga wokuba ifilosofi nisondele ekwakhiweni yayo endulo

Inkinga wokuba emlandweni nefilosofi omagazini okukhulunywa ngawo kakhulu. Ngayo iveza umbono oyindida zalesi simo kungabonwa uma siqhathanisa amaphuzu amabili umbono. Okokuqala, umbono wesazi sefilosofi lasendulo Parmenides, owayenguyise ongqondongqondo lokuqala lesiGreki kwaphakamisa umbuzo wokuba njengoba ubuqotho ezithile, wafika esiphethweni sokuthi iyiphi yokucabanga yethu - wokuba, ngakho-non-khona ayikho. Kunezinye imicabango yabantu, okubizwa ngokuthi "bheka Hamlet", uyavuma njengabaphuma nokungezona nenhlalakahle (ukuba noma cha ukuba). Kulesi mpikiswano okuphakade kungabhekwa njengokuvikela izici ezimbili: 1) dialectics wokuba futhi yize, futhi 2) nobukhulu ontological futhi ekuphileni "ngokuba" umqondo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkinga wokuba ifilosofi luvula lonke uchungechunge ezinye izinkinga impikiswano, njenge: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhona kwesisekelo esizwakalako ubunye emhlabeni, noma ingabe ezinye uhlobo isimo kuyiphi ukulunguza "samanje okuphakade '? Ingabe unayo isiqalo nesiphetho khona? It ikhona ngaphandle ukuqaphela kwethu, noma ingabe umkhiqizo? Genesise - kungcono nje ukuthi leli zwe elisizungezile nezinto noma okuthile okujulile? Genesise - liwukuthi sazi ngqo noma isisekelo olulodwa engatjhugulukiko sonke isikhathi sokuba khona, uhlobo oda ohlelweni emhlabeni? Ngakolunye uhlangothi imibuzo kokuba zithunyelwe ngezinye izikhathi kulula kakhulu ukukhuluma ngazo, ngoba wonke umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi kusho "ukuba", kodwa incazelo ecacile kuleli hlandla njalo bahlulekile abacwaningi.

Inkinga wokuba ifilosofi njalo ibuzwe ngendlela ehlukileko, kuye ngokuthi inkathi ethile futhi umphakathi. Ngisho ngesikhathi kubusa ukwazi basezinganekwaneni zesiko bakudala, lapho, ngokombono Levy-Brühl, abantu wazizwa patritsipatsiyu (ubunikazi), izwe bemvelo akazange sihlaziye mkhuba futhi wabatshela izindaba (izinganekwane), iningi lezi zinkolelo usungula kwakuwukuthi ezithile khona: Ubani owadala izwe abasisekelayo ukuze, yini indima yomuntu kwi-ke. Kwathi ngesikhathi sokushona kwelanga, le basezinganekwaneni inkathi abantu beye bathuthuka kakhulu izindlela ezimbili kule nkinga - ukukhuluma kuqhathaniswa, esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga. indlela Eastern sasihlanganisa aguqulayo inganekwane ku ifilosofi Western - e nokuxoshwa kwakhe kusukela nefilosofi ukuhlaziywa.

Inkinga yokuba nefilosofi empumalanga lasendulo ixazululiwe ngezindlela ezimbili. Kubonakala sengathi i ngokuphelele, esizibonakalisa emhlabeni, njalo umhlaba wabona ngomfanekiso wakhe ghostly. Enye nombono wayichaza ngokuthi "egcwele wokulahlekelwa", okuyinto sonke isikhathi izibonakalisa emhlabeni. E-West, the esiseduzane samuntu sokuqala ekuqondeni le nkinga e nefilosofi Eastern wazibonakalisa uPlato. East ahlanganiswe umlando nefilosofi owaphakamisa inkinga okuyiqiniso kanye khona iqiniso, ukukhohlisa nezamanje. Ifilosofi entshonalanga wayekhathazekile okwengeziwe izici nenhlalakahle - kuba ubunye ezininginingi noma ubunye ezininginingi, yonke noma wezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zendawo yonke. zefilosofi (Thales, Anaksimen, Anaksimandr) kokuba ithathwa njengendlela isikhala ukuseshwa kanye isimiso zalo eziyisisekelo (amanzi, umoya, apeiron ...). Futhi wazibuza uma kokuba njalo futhi ukuthi ngokwawo ezifanayo (athambekele ekusebenziseni lokhu, cishe yonke isiko ngesiGreki) noma "uketshezi" futhi "aba '(Heraclitus, Empedocles, Neoplatonists).

Singasho ukuthi inkinga yokuba nefilosofi lasendulo futhi yafakwa ubudlelwane wokuba nokuzwana. Ngesikhathi zefilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo, umuntu wonke ukuvumelana engenabuntu (Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Empedocles) futhi kubonakaliswe wesimethri futhi repeatability. Umuntu kumele ifake lokhu kuvumelana, bese ukuphila kwakhe kuzokwenza umqondo. zefilosofi waqale wenqaba ukuya baye wabusa isiko yefilosofi animism ukuba uqonde izwe njengoba kuhlale imimoya, lapho wonke lomkhuba ukuthi kanyekanye ukuba uhlobo "wena." Baphenduka emhlabeni zibe "It", kodwa inganekwane eziphilayo esikhundleni ukucabanga bajule. Umqondo "kokuba" baye benza umqondo 'wesimo ".

Kule lokuba inkinga ifilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo neRoma kamuva baba ixazululwe, ikhumbula lokho empeleni ofundiswa. Abanye ongqondongqondo bakholelwa ukuthi imfuyo impahla (Democritus), kanye neminye - ukuthi akusho lutho (UPlato). Anaksagor umqondo vydvynul ukuthi siqukethe homoeomeries (izinhlayiya ngokungenamkhawulo sihlukaniswe) kanye Demokrit - ukuthi we indivisible izinhlayiya ama-athomu. Pythagoras, kaPlato no-Aristotle wenza umzamo ukuba sihlanganise nomqondo ngokuvumelana engenabuntu nge isakhiwo ethile phezulu (UPlato wacabanga wakhe njengoba mbhoshongo, u-Aristotle, ngesimo izinyathelo, Pythagoras - efomini zemfihlakalo zezibalo - geotetrizma). Nokho, ifilosofi lasendulo wacabanga ukuba eyindilinga, okuphindayo. Singasho ukuthi yaphakamisa umbuzo ngobudlelwane phakathi nenhlalakahle futhi yize, kodwa kuze kube wacabanga ngokuphila izikhathi yokuxhumana. Kwaba ku zikhathi ezilandelayo.