Anthropologism futhi relativism ifilosofi - kungcono ...

Relativism futhi anthropologism - omunye izimiso eziyisisekelo wefilosofi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lezi zimiso ziye kugomela muva, baye abonakala ukuvela yezimpucuko kuqala. intuthuko ethile iye yaba mkhuba in Ancient Greece ikakhulukazi banesimo asebenzelana nabo amaSophist.

relativism

Relativism ifilosofi - lena isimiso wokuthi yonke into ekuphileni lilinganiselwe futhi incike izimo nombono. Isimiso ugcizelela uxhumano lezinto ezihlukahlukene ezinezici subjective futhi izakhiwo. Ngokusho lokhu, ngoba zonke izinto anezici subjective, ukwethembeka ikufanele ukugxekwa cishe lapho zoke izinto imelelwa zamanga futhi eyiphutha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu esho ukuthi: "Nikeza izibonelo njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi yenkolelo yokuthi", lokhu ingacaciswa iziphakamiso ezilandelayo: ingonyama ibulala inyamazane yayo. Lokhu kunikeza subjective ngoba, kuye ngokuthi izimo ezahlukene, kungaba kuhle noma kube kubi. Uma isisulu kuyinto izinyamazane ke lokho emihle, ngoba lena imithetho yezwe isilwane, kodwa uma kudlwengulwe indoda - ke isiphakamiso iba engakhi. Lokhu relativism bese beboshwa.

Kuye kube sendlela ubheka lesi simo, kungaba okuhle noma okubi, iqiniso noma amanga, olunembile noma olunganembile. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi izazi eziningi zefilosofi cabanga relativism njengoba isifo wefilosofi yesimanje.

Relativism futhi anthropologism amaSophist

AmaSophist eGrisi lasendulo ngokuthi abantu abazinikezele ngokuphelele ngokwabo emsebenzini ngokwengqondo. Ngokwesiko, amaSophist kwakuyiqembu zefilosofi, kanye nalabo ababefunda ezombusazwe, ubugagu, umthetho kanye nabanye. AmaSophist edume kakhulu isikhathi babe Solon, Pythagoras, uSocrates, Protagoras, Prodicus, Hippias nabanye. Anthropologism, subjectivism futhi relativism iyona ifilosofi amaSophist yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo cishe zonke namafilosofi yesimanje.

Omunye izici eziyinhloko amaSophist kwaba ukuthi phakathi yezimfundiso zabo, abangaze ayebeka kwasekuqaleni umuntu. Anthropocentrism kwaba ngokungangabazeki ngesisekelo yezimfundiso zabo, njengoba babecabanga ukuthi iyiphi into ngokwamazinga ezihambisana nomuntu obuhlukahlukene.

Esinye isici esibalulekile amaSophist kwaba ngaphandle kwekutsatsa luhlangotsi futhi kwezinto walo lonke ulwazi ngoba, njengoba ososayensi baye bathi isikhathi, lonke ulwazi, umqondo noma ukuhlolwa kungenziwa ngemibuzo, uma sibheka-ke ngaphesheya. Izibonelo yenkolelo yokuthi nefilosofi ingatholakala cishe zonke amaSophist. Lokhu kubonisa kahle ibinzana owaziwa Protagoras: "Umuntu - iyona elithile zonke izinto", ngoba indlela abantu bahlole isimo, futhi kuncike kanjani kusolakala yibo. USocrates kubhekwe nokuziphatha isihlobo nemigomo, Parmenides wayenesithakazelo inqubo yokuhlaziya izinto, futhi Protagoras khulumela umqondo mayelana lokuthi konke kuleli zwe esikalini ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu kokuthandwayo imigomo yomuntu. Anthropologism futhi relativism ka amaSophist nefilosofi wathola ukuthuthukiswa kwazo okwalandela kwezinkathi zomlando.

Ukuthuthukiswa yenkolelo yokuthi emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela umlando

Ngokokuqala ngqá isimiso yenkolelo yokuthi, kwakhiwa eGreece yasendulo, ikakhulukazi imizamo amaSophist. Kamuva lesi simiso sihamba nokugxeka lapho bonke yolwazi iwukuthi subjective, njengoba ezibhekwa kuncike kule mibandela womlando ukwakheka nqubo ephawulekayo. Ngokusho lokhu, lonke ulwazi udukisa ngokwako.

kwezinto isimiso lisetshenzisiwe nangokuqondene nawo wonke amakhulu eminyaka 16-17th njengesisekelo ukugxekwa dogmatism. Kahle kahle, lokhu kwenziwa ngo Erazm Rotterdamsky, Bayle, Montaigne nabanye. Iphinde isetshenziselwe njengoba ngesisekelo relativism idealist empiricism, futhi wayebuye isisekelo Metaphysics. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunezinye izibonelo njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi yenkolelo yokuthi, okuyinto eyaba izinkomba ehlukile.

relativism epistemological

Epistemology, noma ulwazi - kuyisisekelo wokuhlobana kwezinto. relativism Epistemological ifilosofi - ayenqaba okuphelele umbono angakhula ukuthi ulwazi nokuthuthukisa. Inqubo ulwazi uchazwa ngokuthi enjalo, okuyinto sincike ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile: izidingo begazi indoda, engokwengqondo isimo ezingokwengqondo, khona izindlela theory esetshenziswa ifomu okunengqondo et al.

Iqiniso lokuthi ukuthuthukiswa ulwazi kuzo zonke izigaba ze-relativists ukubona njengoba ubufakazi eyinhloko falsity yayo futhi AMANGA, ngoba ulwazi abakwazi ukuguqula futhi bekhula, badinga ukuba ocacile futhi uzinzile. Lokhu kuholela nokunqatshelwa kungenzeka umnqopho ngokuvamile, kanye ukuqedela umbono wokuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa.

relativism ngokomzimba

kwezinto isimiso has isicelo endaweni hhayi kuphela ifilosofi kanye humanities kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo, kodwa futhi i-physics kanye quantum Mechanics. Kulokhu, isimiso ukuthi kunesidingo uhlaziye lonke inkolelo yokungafi Mechanics classical, ezifana kwesikhathi, abantu abaningi, ndaba, isikhala kanye nabanye.

Ngaphansi kohlaka ukuhunyushwa kwalesi simiso, Einstein esethula elithi "Ingqapheli", elichaza umuntu osebenzela oluxube ezithile subjective. Kulokhu, inqubo yokufunda kule nto nencazelo ngokoqobo incike Imibono subjective ye owayebukele.

relativism yobuhle

relativism Tebuciko ifilosofi - lena isimiso, okuyinto siqala Ephakathi. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa kulo Vitelon. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, waba nesithakazelo nomqondo ubuhle kusuka iphuzu ngokwengqondo umbono. Wagomela ukuthi umqondo welithi ubuhle kulolu hlangothi kushintsheke kakhulu, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi anezinye ukuzinza. Ngokwesibonelo, wathi ama-Moor uthanda nombala owodwa, kuyilapho Scandinavians awafani. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kuncike imfundo imikhuba kanye imvelo lapho umuntu ekhula.

Engxoxweni yakhe Vitelon wafika relativism, ngoba ekholelwa ukuthi uphelele isihlobo. Into emangalisayo kwabanye, hhayi ngakho abanye, futhi unezizathu ezithile subjective. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lokho umuntu oyedwa uthola enhle, wayekwazi ukubona abesabekayo nge sikhathi. Ngesisekelo lena etimeni letehlukene kakhulu futhi izikhundla.

Zokuziphatha (nezimiso zokuziphatha) kwezinto

Umbono wokuthi ukuziphatha kuyaxhomekeka ifilosofi - lena isimiso ukuthi zinhle noma zimbi injalo ngokuphelele alikho ngokomthetho. It ophika iyiphi kwezinkambiso zokuziphatha kanye ukhona iyiphi criteria mayelana Eqinisweni ukuthi zokuziphatha ezifana nokuziphatha. Ezinye izazi zefilosofi ukubona isimiso yenkolelo yokuthi ukuziphatha njengoba ukuyekelela, kuyilapho abanye bayibona njengoba incazelo emhlanganweni okuhle nokubi. relativism Ethical ifilosofi - lena isimiso, elibonisa okunemibandela kwezinkambiso zokuziphatha ngokuvumelana imiqondo okuhle nokubi. Ngokusho lokhu, ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingafani futhi ezingxenyeni ezahlukene umqondo ofanayo zokuziphatha abakwazi kuphela ukufanisa, kodwa futhi ukuba ngokuphelele kuyaphikisana. Noma yimuphi zokuziphatha lilinganiselwe ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi impela okuhle kakhulu futhi okubi.

relativism kwamasiko

relativism Cultural ifilosofi - lena isimiso, esakhiwa ngo yokuthi yiluphi uhlelo nokuhlola isiko anqatshelwe zonke, futhi abantu bazo zonke izizinda abhekwa ngokuphelele alinganayo. Lokhu isiqondiso sabekwa Fran Boas. Njengoba isibonelo, umlobi isebenzisa isiko Melika nawaseYurophu, okuyinto abeke izimiso zabo nokuziphatha kwabo kwamanye amazwe.

relativism Cultural ifilosofi -. Kuyinto isimiso okuyinto ubheka izigaba ezifana nomfazi oyedwa futhi isithembu, udumo kwezenhlalo, izindima ubulili, amasiko, ukuziphatha, kanye nezinye izici zamasiko axhomeke nendawo yokuhlala, inkolo kanye nezinye izinto. Zonke imiqondo kwamasiko kubhekwe njengento ingxenye indoda owakhulela le isiko, futhi kumuntu owakhuliswa indlela ehlukile yokuphila. Ukubuka isiko efanayo Ubonakala okuphambene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo idlala obalulekile indima anthropologism njengoba ngokuyinhloko indoda imele esikhungweni kuwo wonke amasiko.

anthropologism

Anthropologism - ingabe isimiso wefilosofi, okuyinto ubonakala ukhiye isigaba welithi "umuntu." Abantu maphakathi izigaba ezifana Byte, isiko, umphakathi, umphakathi, imvelo kanye nabanye. Anthropologism isimiso uvele impucuko yokuqala, kodwa isiqongo salo sifinyelela ekhulwini 18- 21.

Ngo yesimanje nefilosofi anthropologism uzama ukuqinisa ubunye izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda nefilosofi umqondo "umuntu." Anthropologism elikhona cishe yonke imikhakha yesayensi yanamuhla ukuhlola izici ezihlukahlukene umuntu. Ikakhulukazi kahle lo mqondo kubhekwa ngendlela anthropologism zefilosofi ozama ukuqonda nomqondo ngokugcwele "umuntu."

Anthropocentrism - the anthropologism isisekelo

Isisekelo anthropologism kuyinto anthropocentrism, owawuthi umuntu - kuba maphakathi konke. Ngokuphambene, lapho anthropologism abavame ihlola luwumgogodla begazi indoda, anthropocentrism nesithakazelo ngemvelo yakhe nomphakathi.

Ngokusho anthropocentrism, indoda kuyisisekelo zonke nophenyo zefilosofi. Abacwaningi abaningi baye ngisho kakhulu lo mqondo wefilosofi kubhekwa njengento ucinge futhi ukuqonda abantu bytya yabo futhi khona. Ngakho, ngokusebenzisa imvelo yomuntu, ubuntu bakhe futhi ikusasa bungabonakala cishe zonke izinkinga zefilosofi eziphakamayo iyiphi okuqinisekile zomlando.

Zomlando ukuthuthukiswa anthropologism

Anthropologism ngokuyinhloko esivela isiko European, kodwa eziningi izimiso zawo zingatholakala empumalanga. Kepha umsuka isiqondiso ke le ndawo ngokungangabazeki endulo. Okunengi credit lapha kungokwalabo uSocrates, Protagoras, uPlato nabanye. Ngokukhethekile kufanele banikezwe imisebenzi ka-Aristotle, oye wacwaninga eziningi izingqikithi ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo ezihlobene womuntu.

Kwenye indlela abantu evezwa incazelo yobuKristu. Man ubonakala ethempelini, okuyinto uzalela isigxivizo yoMdali. Lapha, ngaphandle anthropocentrism, kukhona Theocentricism, enkabeni sempilo yalelozwe unguNkulunkulu. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwasekuqaleni kukhona umphefumulo womuntu, ubuntu bakhe, futhi imizwa.

Renaissance kuletha isimiso zobuntu, okuyinto ukuhluka lowo owenziwe ngomthofu owawusetshenziswa Ephakathi. Humanism siqala elwazini yefilosofi indoda nenkululeko nobuntu. 17-18 ongqondongqondo ekhulwini kwakuphathelene imvelo yomuntu, isiphetho sakhe, indawo yakhe kulumhlaba. Ukukhanyiselwa wazama ukwazi umuntu esebenzisa isayensi ngqo futhi isizathu. Lokhu kwenziwa ngo Rousseau, uVoltaire, Diderot nabanye.

Inkathi Okwalandela waqala uhlaziye izinqubo eziningi elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo. Anthropologism is eliqhutshwa ifilosofi Feuerbach, Marx, Kierkegaard, futhi Scheler. Kuze kube manje anthropologism namanje uhlala ngokusekelwe kumafilosofi yesimanje futhi iziqondiso zalo ezihlukahlukene.

Anthropologism futhi relativism - kuba izimiso eziyisisekelo nefilosofi yesimanje. ezicini ezihlukahlukene lezi zindawo Nokho esukela emuva ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi awalulahlanga ukuqondana abo namuhla.