Amandla Nuclear: kwekulu Russian NPP

EChernobyl inhlekelele kanye nezenzakalo ezivusa amadlingozi ngesikhathi "Fukushima-1" enuzi izitshalo amandla ziye zabangela umonakalo omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa amandla wenuzi. Ngemizamo abezindaba wadala saqinisekisa ngengozi esondelayo kwanoma yimaphi amandla isitshalo amandla enuzi. Kodwa, ngokusho ososayensi abaningi, enye indlela iphila ukunikeza ugesi idinga okwamanje, kodwa, isibonelo, Balakovo - ngobukhulu esikhungweni samandla enuzi waseRussia - kunosongo akukho ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye luhlobo yezimboni lokhu ezidlula.

Umgomo we operation ye NPP

Zonke izitshalo ezinkulu amandla asebenza fuel zenuzi, zifana bokusebenzisa isimiso. Ukuze uthole amandla isizukulwane usebenzisa ukushisa ekhiqizwa endaweni elawulwa ubungako bokudlulisa chain reaction uphethiloli - ikakhulukazi -uranium lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu. Le nqubo ibizwa kwenziwe enuzi - "inhliziyo 'zalesi sihlahla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona ukulungiswa umusi ashisayo lapho ushayela ugesi ophephela. Kuye design ingakhishwa rotors esetshenziswa izitshalo amandla zonke izinhlobo nalolwakheke ikhumbula abasebenza zenuzi fuel isitshalo ngokucacile.

izinhlobo sikhungo

Kunezinhlobo eziningana sikhungo ngalo uphethiloli ezahlukene, Isibandisi edabula core, futhi retarder edingekayo ukulawula ukusabela chain.

I ukonga kakhulu futhi ithele sikhungo luhlolwe lapho inqubo uketshezi usebenzisa ezivamile, amanzi "ukukhanya". Ngu design, bangabakaNkulunkulu izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo:

• RBMK - RBMK. It imibhangqwana torque ophephela ibhalwe ngqo nengaphakathi ngakho kulesi sikhungo libizwa fluidized. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-wesine amandla ophendulayo eChernobyl, ukufakwa lolu hlobo isebenzisa, isib, Kurskaia esiteshini - isitshalo elikhulu Russian.
• VVER - VVER. Lolu hlelo loops ezimbili hermetic: yokuqala - enemisebe - amanzi ujikeleziswe ngqo ngokusebenzisa core, ukuze ifunde ukushisa kusukela zenuzi ukuqoqwa chain reaction lesibili - umusi ekhiqizwa okuyinto fed Turbo ugesi. sikhungo okunjalo asetshenziswa amakhulu eYurophu, Zaporizhzhya NPP, basebenzela omunye ezinkulu Russian NPP - Balakovo.

Uhlobo lwesibili ka ophendulayo - igesi selehlile, lapho izinqubo zokuqapha usebenzisa graphite (ophendulayo EGP-6 Bilibino). Eyesithathu - uphethiloli ngesimo uranium zemvelo, futhi nge "amanzi esindayo" - nitrous deuterium - njengendlela kokupholisayo kanye umengameli. Okwesine - RN - okusheshayo neutron ophendulayo.

Eyokuqala isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala ku ukusetshenziswa zamandla enunzi ekwakha igezi lwenziwe e-US, Idaho National Laboratory ngo-1951. I ophendulayo wahlinzwa amandla ukwanele ekushayweni ezine 200-watt ama. Emva kwesikhashana isitshalo ukuze kutholakale ugesi baba sonke isakhiwo lapho ucwaningo kwenziwe ngesikhathi enuzi. Ngu inethiwekhi amandla kwakuhlangene emva kweminyaka 4, futhi edolobheni eliseduze Arco laboratory waba ngowokuqala emhlabeni ukuze kutholakale ugesi nge amandla enuzi.

Kodwa inzuzo esikhungweni samandla enuzi emhlabeni sokuqala isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi, waqala phezulu Obninsk, Kaluga esifundeni wase-USSR ehlobo lika-1954 futhi ngokushesha ixhunywe kwinethiwekhi. Kusuka lapha kuvela le ngamandla enuzi umkhakha yeRussia. Amandla Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant lalilincane - MW 5 kuphela. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-3 saseTomsk esifundeni, emzini Seversk, kwathiwa wasungula esigabeni sokuqala we laseSiberia sokuphehla amandla enuzi, okuyinto ezikhiqizwa 600 MW kamuva. I ophendulayo ukuthi agibele amahhashi khona, okuhloswe ukwenziwa izikhali grade plutonium, futhi amandla kagesi kanye ezishisayo kukhona byproducts. Namuhla sikhungo lezi iziteshi ithulisiwe.

Isikhungo sokuphehla amandla enuzi e ezwe elaliyi-USSR

Kusukela ngawo-1950 futhi 1960 ekuseni ngasekupheleni kuka-eSoviet Union zaqala ukwakhiwa kakhulu izitshalo amandla ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zezwe. Uhlu Russian izitshalo amandla enuzi kanye republic Union siqukethe 17 izikhungo ezinjengalezi, lapho 7 basala ngaphandle Russian Federation zanamuhla:

• Armenian, eduze kwedolobha Metsamor. It has amayunithi ezimbili nge umthamo isamba 440 MW. Ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba 1988, okuyinto eye yazibonakalisa NPP ngaphandle izingozi ezinkulu ngenxa eyisibambiso ekuklanyweni ukumelana zokuzamazama komhlaba, kwanqunywa ukuba anqande isinqumo salo. Nokho, esikhathini esizayo, ngenxa ukufuneka kakhulu ugesi, uhulumeni wezwe unqume ukuqalisa ngo-1995, iyunithi yesibili. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwathiwa ikhumbula izimfuno anda ukuphepha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye kwemvelo, i-European Union ephikelela ukulondolozwa kwalo.
• Ignalina esikhungweni samandla enuzi enyakatho-mpumalanga Lithuania eziqhutshwa 1983 kuya ku-2009 futhi yavalwa ngesicelo European Union.
• Zaporozhye, enamandla kunazo esikhungweni samandla enuzi e-Europe, esisogwini loMfula Kakhovka Reservoir e Energodar, elakhiwa ngo-1978. Its Ukwakheka 6 VVER-1000, esikhiqiza okwesihlanu ugesi e-Ukraine - kunabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40 kWh / ngonyaka. It ihambisana ngokugcwele nezindinganiso we-International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
• Rivne, eduze nedolobha Kuznetsovsk Rivne esifundeni e-Ukraine. It has 4 VVER umthamo ingqikithi 2835 MW. IAEA iye ukunconywa imiphumela ukuphepha ukubalwa kwezimali.
• Khmelnytsky, eduze nedolobha Neteshin, eduze komfula Gorini e-Ukraine. 2 bazibandakanye VVER-1000.
• ENingizimu-Ukraine, isendaweni ogwini Bug Southern ku Mykolaiv esifundeni Ukraine. 3 VVER-1000 ukuhlinzeka 96% eningizimu ye-Ukraine udinga ugesi.
• EChernobyl, eduze nedolobha Pripyat, baba kuyo inhlekelele enkulu kunazo zonke ezenziwe umuntu 26 ku-April 1986 ngonyaka. Owokugcina kulesi sikhungo ezine RBMK-1000 wayeka ngo-2000.

Inani labantu okufanele lifinyelelwe ugesi ekhiqizwa simila, e amandla ingqikithi kwekulu izitshalo amandla enuzi, emifula TPP eRussia imayelana 18%. Lena kakhulu esingaphansi, isibonelo, umholi kuleli ngamandla enuzi umkhakha - France, lapho isibalo singamaphesenti angu-75%. Ngokwe efike noHulumeni Amandla isu kwesikhathi kuze 2030 kuhlelwe ukwandisa lokhu isilinganiso ukuze 20-30% futhi ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa ugesi nge amandla amayunithi ezisebenza fuel zenuzi, izikhathi 4.

Nuclear amandla Russia

Bangaki ngamandla enuzi izitshalo eRussia namuhla? Ezweni lethu kukhona 10 iziteshi, kokuba ukubunjwa yayo amayunithi 35 ezinhlobo ezehlukene (izindawo mayelana 100 enjalo ezisebenza e-US). Ukusatshalaliswa enkulu Wamukele amanzi ophendulayo Umfutho (PWR) - izicucu 18 kuphela. Kulawa, 1,000 MW - 12, omunye 6 - 440 MW. Iphepha futhi 15 isiteshi abilayo sikhungo 11 RBMK-1000 no-4 - EGP-6.

Yini-ke iyona enkulu kunazo zonke amandla enuzi eRussia

Kuze kube manje, akukho uhlelo e Rosenergoatom umholi ecacile phakathi enuzi izitshalo amandla umthamo kanye umnikelo ibhalansi jikelele yezwe. Kukhona 2 eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho inani elifanayo sisetshenziswa (4) efanayo VVER-1000. It Balakovo futhi Kalinin amandla enuzi. Ngamunye wabo sinesikhundla ingqikithi 4,000 MW. Amandla efanayo elisemandleni plant we eKursk naseLeningrad, ezisetshenziswa for Unit 4 RBMK-1000 hlobo. Kulokhu, enamandla kunazo esikhungweni samandla enuzi emhlabeni - Japan Kashiwazaki-Kariwa - has amayunithi 7 ephethe umthamo ingqikithi 8212 MW.

I lokuhlushwa amandla amabhizinisi hlobo ingxenye European Russia kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi sinendima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ugesi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi yezwe. Maphakathi eRussia, futhi ikakhulukazi enyakatho ntshonalanga nezwe, share amandla enuzi in the energy balance-40%.

6 nezinye NPP Russian

Yiba Neqhaza Russian umkhakha weze-energy kunomthelela Kola isitshalo, ngobukhulu esikhungweni samandla enuzi waseRussia ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, usebenza ngamandla ezimbili tysyachemegavattnyh. It uyaqhubeka ukwethula amakhono entsha ngesikhathi Novovoronezh sokuphehla amandla enuzi, lapho ethola khona ukusetshenziswa entsha, ngcono VVER -1200. Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant ku Sverdlovsk esifundeni kubhekwe njengento isiteji lokuhlola ososayensi yenuzi Russian. Isebenzisa izinhlobo eziningana sikhungo, kuhlanganise okusheshayo neutron sikhungo. Ngo Chukotka, elise Bilibino esiteshini usinika esifundeni ukushisa ezidingekayo.

Umbuzo ngalokho amandla enuzi iyona enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia, angase futhi abe efanele uma amayunithi ezintsha ziyokhokhwa esikhathini Rostov sithombo esingatshalwanga kuze ezintathu, futhi emandla ato 3100 MW. Linamandla efanayo futhi Smolensk, abasebenza RBMK sikhungo.

amathemba

Uhlelo intuthuko kwimikhakha is kunakwe, njengobe inuzi izitshalo amandla eRussia kudingeka ukwakha amayunithi abaningi kudingeka kabusha futhi wasungula ukuthuthukisa ugesi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezindaweni of the North, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Kukhona etholakala iningi izinkampani uwoyela negesi esikhiqiza, kuyilapho obumba ngesisekelo emnothweni Russian.

Enye yezindawo ethembisayo, okuyinto has amandla enuzi umkhakha yeRussia, - ukudalwa elintantayo zenuzi thermoelectric power station. Kusekelwe sikhungo okusheshayo KLT-40 ephansi amandla transportable amandla amayunithi (kufika ku-70 MW). Lezi zakhiwo mobile anganikeza ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zaleli ugesi, Ukushisa ezimbonini nasemizini ngisho amanzi ahlanzekile. Nokuthuma ngowokuqala elintantayo esikhungweni samandla enuzi "Mikhail Lomonosov" Kuhlelwe eminyakeni ezayo.