Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene steel. Incazelo kwezimpawu

Steel - iqembu eminingi iningi izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa, kanye kophawu incike Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu iqembu.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene steel

Incazelo uphawu iqala ekutholweni iqembu zalo eziyinhloko eya endaweni. Hlukanisa amaqembu lezinsimbi: sakhiwo, ukwakhiwa, ithuluzi, nge anezakhi ezikhethekile (ukushisa ukumelana, ukushisa ukumelana futhi ephezulu amandla).

Of kwesakhiwo steel ekhiqizwa izingxenye zemishini, iphuma, ashiselwe ukwakhiwa. Ithuluzi, njengoba leli gama lisikisela, asetshenziselwa i-ukukhiqizwa ithuluzi machining. A uhlobo olukhethekile ithuluzi lezinsimbi - ngesivinini, ahloselwe ukugaywa imithwalo ephakeme. Ukwakhiwa steel isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko for izakhiwo eziphothene, babe ongaphakeme (0.25%) carbon okuqukethwe. Ngokuya Ukwakheka efana ukwakhiwa.

steel kwesakhiwo

Ngo ngezithako zawo, bahlukene zibe ingxubevange ne-carbon, okungukuthi, kanye izithasiselo akhethekile ngaphandle kwabo. I steel ingxubevange kufanele kuqukathe okungenani 45% yensimbi. Isici esibalulekile kuba phambi nezingahlobene nendaba ukungcola non-metallic e ingxubevange nomphumela - sulphur, phosphorus kanye nabanye. Kuka kancane esasingahlala, ngcono metal yabo kubhekwe. Sekukonke kunamaqembu 4 izinga:

kungenzeka Ekupheleni ukuqokwa Ulungise uhlobo ingxubevange deoxidation (deacidification - ukususwa oksijini evela steel Ukwakheka): abilayo (KP), lulwimi wabulala (PS), ethule (SP). "SP" Inkomba ngokuvamile aluboniswa.

Ngokuvamile, le lezinsimbi emagama okuqondene Amaqembu doped, kungenziwa elabekwa kanje:

- [carbon okuqukethwe] [izakhi alloying] [deoxidation indlela] [ukwaziswa okwengeziwe], lapho okuqukethwe carbon okulotshwe kumakhulukhulu iphesenti.

izakhi Alloying akhonjiswa njengoba inhlanganisela lettering kanye nenani kuphesenteji. Uma okuqukethwe kwalesi sakhi ingxubevange kuyinto angaphansi kwelilodwa, lemali ayicacisiwe. Okwamanje inclusions elandelayo notation isetshenziswa: .. N - nickel, X - i-chrome, C - silica, titanium - T, manganese - T, U - aluminium, njll Ngokwesibonelo, steel 09G2S yakhiwa 0,09% carbon, 2% manganese ne-silicon e imali mayelana 1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ezinye ezengeziwe izimpawu lezinsimbi, sokuqonda kwabo ngale ndlela:

1. "W" ekuqaleni - steel esindayo.

2. "L" ekupheleni - the steel Foundry.

3. "A" ekuqaleni - steel automaton.

4. "E" ekuqaleni - steel kagesi.

Eceleni isehlane wokwakha brand lezinsimbi. Ukususa ukubethela simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: ekuqaleni, uhlamvu "C" kulandelwe ukucindezeleka isivuno. Incwadi "K" kusho inguqulo ye ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, "T" - ukuqina ezishisayo.

Ukumaka lezinsimbi anezakhi ezikhethekile kophawu efanayo ingxubevange kwesakhiwo.

ithuluzi lezinsimbi

Ngaphambi gama, incwadi "Y", kulandele i-carbon ingxenyenamba (inani lemali elincane carbon Kumelwe kungabi ngaphansi kuka-0.7%). Ithuluzi lezinsimbi kanye takhi ihlukaniswe carbon and ingxubevange, kodwa babe ezimbili kuphela amaqembu izinga - ikhwalithi izinga okusezingeni. Esimeni sesibili, egameni, uhlamvu "A" ekupheleni isiqu. Le ncwadi "D" kubonisa wokuqukethwe lelisetulu manganese. Sokuqonda lezinsimbi eziphathelene HSS ithuluzi, Kuthi ezahlukene. Endaweni yokuqala kukhona ekubizweni lonke iqembu - incwadi "P" (esivela egameni lesiNgisi elithi "okusheshayo" - okusheshayo), khona-ke inani likhombisa main alloying ingxenye - tungsten (incwadi yakhe ukuqokwa sokususwa).

Qaphela esithandweni steelmaking

Ukuze izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu Hambayo Alloys ekupheleni incazelo le indlela yokukhiqiza lezinsimbi, ifunda izindlela yokukhiqiza ethulwa ngezansi. Lezi amakhodi ezibekwe ekupheleni ukuqokwa: vd - cleaner arc; W - electroslag; EL - electron ugongolo; VI - cleaner lokungeniswa.