Kanjani amagama nezincazelo eziningi?

ulimi wethu ocebile futhi enezici. Ngezinye izikhathi, kusetshenziswa igama elithile, thina ungacabangi mayelana imingcele ukuthi lichaza ukuthini. Siyazi ukuthi umhlaba - yigama iplanethi yethu, futhi umhlaba - lokhu kuyingxenye ubuso bayo, umhlaba, inhlabathi. Futhi, sonke siyazi ukuthi izwe - konke osizungezile, futhi ohlelweni ngesikhathi esifanayo emhlabeni - ukungabi khona ubutha, ukuphila ngaphandle kwempi. Ezinye ukutolika wokufihla ezahlukene, sibonisa amayunithi efanayo lucebe, okuyizinto amagama nezincazelo eziningi. Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani.

Kungani kukhona amagama anezincazelo amaningi ngolimi?

Esinye isazi-AA Potebnya, owaphila ekhulwini XIX, e wokulandisa yakhe "ngomcabango kanye Ulimi" wabhala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa yokukhuluma womuntu uya ohlangothini abstraktizatsii okukhulu.

Lapho okhokho bethu bafunda indlela imizwa nezifiso zabo esebenzisa imisindo, babengazi ukuthi lokho geometry futhi ishadi lesikhathi, akazange ukuhlukanisa phakathi imiqondo "okubi" noma "esibi," "okuhle" noma "enhle kakhulu." Amazwi okuqala okukhulunywe izinto, izenzakalo futhi imizwa, iyakwazi futhi baveze ukuthi kwakudingekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokufanayo, izingane abafunda nje ukukhuluma, kuqala ukusebenzisa amagama alula njengokuthi "umama", "ubaba", "Ekhaya", "etafuleni", bese kuphela ukuqonda ukuthi kusho umusa, injabulo, inzondo, intukuthelo.

Phakathi wokuthuthukisa ikhono womuntu yasendulo ukucabanga eziqanjiwe futhi kohlaziyo kunesidingo beveza izimpawu omusha imiqondo yokugcina yosuku. Ngezinye izikhathi, njengoba lezi izimpawu asetshenziswa amagama akhona ngolimi, Nokho, okuyinto, wanikezwa nencazelo entsha. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umqondo wokuqala we amazwi wahlala. Ngakho kwakunabantu abangu-amagama amaningi ukuthi abe nezincazelo eziningi.

Njengoba ayichaze amathokheni amanani amaningi

Ngo yezilimi, igama ukuthi inezincazelo eziningi, ngokuthi multi-zenani. It is a term wesayensi yezilimi Russian, nesayense angaphandle amazwi zokuphumula ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi polysemic (kusukela Polis Greek -. "Kuningi" futhi semanticos - "incazelo").

Russian Academician VV Vinogradov ngokuthi polysemy ikhono amazwi ukudlulisa ezihlukahlukene ulwazi mayelana lezinto futhi izenzakalo of ngokoqobo extra-namalimi wemiphakathi. Kumele wathi lokho akushoyo esivela izwi, real-semantic igobolondo ngokuthi incazelo lucebe. kakade Sinike izibonelo amazwi incazelo, lapho nezincazelo eziningana lucebe. Kodwa, bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi igama elithi "ukuthula" akuyona ezimbili, kodwa eziyisikhombisa amagugu! Ungahlola lokhu ngokuhlela ochazayo isichazamazwi Ozhegova.

Polysemy futhi homonymy

Ngo yezilimi, njengoba kunoma iyiphi enye isayensi, kukhona imiqondo, okuyizinto phakathi nengxoxo. Ngokwesibonelo, AA Potebnya futhi Jakobson babekholelwa ukuthi amagama nezincazelo eziningi alikho, ngoba uma uphawu ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ifikile imelele enye into noma mkhuba, kwashintsha ngokuphelele ikhenela yayo semantic.

Nokho, bendabuko lolimi imibono polysemy futhi homonymy namanje ziyahlukahluka, nakuba izinsiza inthanethi bavame sengididekile.

Kukholakala ukuthi amazwi anezincazelo eziningi, kodwa ukugcina zonke ukuhumusha isikhungo salo semantic, abanye umqondo wokuthi empandeni a lucebe iyunithi izakhiwo. Kusolwa ukuthi amazwi polysemous kukhona phambili amagugu, kuyilapho akusiyo ipholisemi omabizwafane. Ngokwesibonelo, crane kanye crane ekhishini, inothi "G" futhi itafula usawoti - ke ipholisemi omabizwafane, hhayi namazwi edidayo, ngoba abukho ubudlelwano semantic phakathi kwazo.

Kanjani amazwi amaningi

Kukholakala ukuthi polysemy kwenzeka ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Nge ukudluliswa ehilela. Ngaphansi Isingathekiso sibiza displacement bezwi, esekelwe ukufana izifundo eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo: Uma inhlamvu kakolweni - wokusanhlamvu iqiniso.
• Ngosizo tiga tenkhulumo. Ngu tiga tenkhulumo baqonde ukubaluleka ukudluliselwa igama elilodwa nomunye ngesisekelo khona ubudlelwano semantic phakathi imiqondo. Ngokwesibonelo: a dish ezenziwe ngobumba ezibizayo - okumnandi French cuisine.
• Esebenzisa synecdoche. zezilimi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi synecdoche icala olukhethekile tiga tenkhulumo. It lichazwa ngokuthi ukudluliswa isihloko wonke. Ngokwesibonelo: 'ekhaya bomdabu "esikhundleni" ekhaya "kanye" ikhaya emuva kusuka Melika "esikhundleni" ngibuyele eRussia "(uma esinazo emqondweni yiyona ukufika ezweni labo, hhayi ngqo ekhaya lakhe endlini yomunye).

Izibonelo namazwi edidayo

It kungenziwa bazitshela ukuthi igama iplanethi yethu - Earth - uvele okwesibili ku izihloko ezweni umhlabathi. Phela, abantu nezilwane ezincelisayo, kukhona emhlabathini, yiso kanye endaweni yazo samanje. Benziwa igama iplanethi is ngokudluliswa metonymic, okungukuthi, ukuqokwa ebusweni idluliselwe yonke yonke. siphinde sithi, isibonelo, isigaba ulalelisisa uthisha, okusho akuyona igumbi, kodwa ngokuba abafundi bakhe.

Raspberries sikubiza amajikijolo kanye ehlathini lapho zikhulela khona. Polysemy ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo synecdoche. Kodwa okushiwo eyayivame ukusetshenziswa "okusajingijolo" - "umhume wabaphangi 'Kunalokho, a homonym ngenxa ezinye izibonelo ezimbili yokusetshenziswa kwawo.

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi "console"?

Ingabe ukwazi ukutshela ngesikhathi esisodwa - eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amagugu igama elithi "console"? Kusukela inkambo isikole Russian ulimi wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukuze ngokuthi ingxenye izwi esandulele impande futhi ukhonza ukushintsha ukubaluleka iyunithi lucebe. Kuyinto ibizo lisuselwa esenzweni esithi "ukuba anamathele 'kubafazi, futhi eqinisweni ubiza konke" is abamphathisa ", esimelela eduze kokuthile.

ezimbili nenshokutsi izwi izichazamazwi of isiRashiya waphawula:

• tape console, yokugcizelela amandla umsindo;
• morpheme Isiqalo;
• futhi Isiqalo iminyaka 10-15 edlule ngokuthi yezilungiselelo esikhethekile imidlalo ebonakalayo.

puns neziLimi okusekelwe kahle futhi homonymy

Kuwo wonke amazinga olimi linamagama afanayo somzimba, kodwa nezincazelo ezahlukene. Inhlanganisela izinto lucebe etheksthini isetshenziswa ukudala nomphumela yamahlaya, izwi imidlalo - Pun. Zama ukuchaza ukuthi yini umphumela isisekelo yamahlaya ye-nemishwana ezilandelayo:

• Mowed eluka etshekile.
• Yena stoked isitofu ubusuku bonke. Ngu ekuseni yena waminza.
• Lingise kithi lingise.
• Wafunda ivesi nevesi.

Kulezi imishwana umphumela yamahlaya kusekelwe homonymy amafomu ezithile amazwi. Kodwa ngesikhathi ifomu efanayo lucebe zalamaqembu.I lucebe zihlukile. Ngakho, ngo-Isibonelo sokuqala, usebenzisa igama elithi "usike", "etshekile", "Amathe". "Etshekile" njengenhlangano isiphawulo kusho "engalingani", "ijika" futhi "skew" njengoba ibizo - a yokuqamba eyayivame ukusetshenziswa owawuhlala. Esikhathini Isibonelo sesibili isebenzisa ubumbaxambili igama elithi "echibini": Kindle Fire, ngokujulile bacwiliswa emanzini. Ngo isibonelo sesithathu, ukudla ipholisemi omabizwafane: upholi njengoba ibizo - igama inyoni, upholi njengoba kuphoqelelwa igama eliyisenzo elithi "ukuze ezisabekayo." Ekugcineni, ngo-yesine isibonelo Pun esekelwe kuqondana izinhlobo lesesikhatsini isenzo esithi "ukubohla" futhi zebizo ku nominative icala "v" esidlule (umugqa izinkondlo).

Akulula ukuqonda njalo, eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amagugu amagama. Impande yalo amathokheni kanti ukuhlaziywa umongo ukusetshenziswa angasiza ekutholeni Uyabazisa homonymous noma ezibhekwa iyunithi.

Ukuzivocavoca mayelana nokuchazwa namazwi edidayo amagugu

Umsebenti: Bheka uhlu olungezansi bese uyazama bebodwa ukucacisa igama elilodwa noma amaningi amanani agqanyisiwe ikhabethe, fox, imoto, umgwaqo, isandla, amantongomane. Chaza okukhethayo. Bangaki okufakiwe ungakhetha for igama ngalinye?

Wonke la mazwi nezincazelo eziningana lucebe:

• Ikhabethe ngokuthi izingubo, kanye emagcekeni lapho zigcinwa.
• Fox - isilwane futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umuntu oyingcweti. Ubumbaxambili savela ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi endulo (nasemaphandleni - futhi manje) Izimpungushe ebusuku, lapho bengabonwa muntu, yayize iyofika ukuqonda emizini yabantu nezinqolobane ukweba ukudla.
• Machine - lokhu imoto, futhi imishini yezobuchwepheshe.
• Indlela - lena eya ezweni, air zokuthutha, futhi ukuphila njengesifenqo womuntu.
• Hand - ingxenye yomzimba kanye nemisebenti yekubhala.
• Ikhenela - lokhu ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi okuthile, futhi asisekho isisekelo ukuqeda noma iziphi izinhlangano, ezifana ibutho.

izabelo eziningana ku logic

Bheka imisho engezansi. Ungaqagela ukuthi yini esihlanganisa:

1. isikhundla usomaqhinga, futhi ukhukhamba;
2. imisebe eyingozi evela elangeni futhi ekilasini aristocrats;
3. ukuphathana kwabashadile nengenawo wenza izimpahla;
4. ewumdweshu olwandle, futhi ukuziqhenya ubuhle Russian;
5. emfuleni izinhlanzi kanye ibhulashi ngoba ukuwasha izitsha.

Izimpendulo: Ambassador; ukukhanya; umshado; isiXhosa; isiphika.

Ucabanga iyiphi yalezi zibonelo ipholisemi omabizwafane futhi okuyinto - ukuze ubumbaxambili? Amagama amanani amaningi zihluke ipholisemi omabizwafane khona okunengqondo-uxhumano phakathi imiqondo ehlukene semantic. Isibonelo №2 ubuhlobo kusekelwe isingathekiso: njengoba ilanga likhanyisa Earth, nabakhulu esenziwa imfundo yazo nentuthuko igugu emphakathini. Ngo isixhumanisi Ngokwesibonelo №5 phakathi izinhlanzi kanye ibhulashi kusekelwe tiga tenkhulumo, ngoba ukuma elingaphandle ibhulashi ufana nenhlanzi. Izibonelo Nos 1, 3, 4 okusekelwe ipholisemi omabizwafane.

Ngakho, lapho sathola khona ukuthi izwi inezincazelo eziningi, ngokuthi multi-zenani, noma polysemic. Kodwa lokhu emagama kuyinto efiselekayo bakwazi ukuhlukanisa kusukela ipholisemi omabizwafane. Uma phakathi kwamagama nezincazelo eziningi ulondoloze noma yimuphi uxhumano semantic phakathi ipholisemi omabizwafane ungapheli.