IMF umbhalo. Izifiso, izimpokophelo indima inhlangano emhlabeni

IMF (okulotshiweyo - I-International Monetary Fund) yadalwa ngo-1944, ngesikhathi kunesithangami sabezindaba e Bretton Woods e-United States. Inhloso yayo ekuqaleni kwathiwa kanje: ukukhuthaza ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba emkhakheni ezezimali, ezohwebo ukuwathuthukisa nokukhuthaza, ukuqinisekisa lwemali ukuzinza, usizo izinkokhelo phakathi aMalunga eMibuso futhi babanike amathuluzi ukulungisa ukungalingani ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa. Nokho, umkhuba, umsebenzi esiKhwameni kuyehla kube imali-grubbing amaqembu (lamazwe kanye ezixhaphaza), lapho, phakathi kwezinye izinhlangano, ukulawula, futhi IMF. Ingabe ukubolekisa IMF, noma IMF (kulungiswa-International Monetary Fund), ukuze States abadinga usizo? Njengoba umsebenzi yesiKhwama ezithinta umnotho wembulunga yonke?

IMF: kulungiswa imiqondo, imisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi

IMF imele-International Monetary Fund, IMF (sokuqonda nema) e version Russian simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:-International Monetary Fund. Lokhu inhlangano kwezinhlaka zikahulumeni ihlose ukukhuthaza ukubambisana yemali ngesisekelo kokubonisana amalungu ayo futhi babanike imali ebolekiswayo.

Into kulinga okuqinile Foundation silinganiso amazinga. Kuze kube yimanje, aMalunga eMibuso wasezimisa igolide futhi aseMelika, uvumela hhayi ukuzishintsha engaphezu kweyishumi wamaphesenti Isikhwama ngasinye ngaphandle kwemvume futhi abaphambuki lokhu ukulinganisela ukuqaliswa imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-ngephesenti elilodwa.

Isikhwama Umlando nokuThuthukiswa

Ngo-1944, ngesikhathi Bretton Woods Conference e-United States futhi abameleli amazwe amane nane sinqume ukwakha isisekelo ezivamile ngokubambisana kwezomnotho ukuze ugweme ukwehla, ngemiphumela lapho e namathathu banesifo esibi Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, kanye nokuvuselelwa kohlelo lwezezimali phakathi uthi ngemva kwempi. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngesisekelo umphumela inkomfa IMF yasungulwa.

I-USSR futhi wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo kule ngqungquthela futhi wasayina Mthetho asungula inhlangano, kodwa kamuva akazange yenza-ke, futhi akazange iqhaza emisebenzini. Kodwa ngo nineties, ngemva kokuphindela eSoviet Union, eRussia nakwamanye amazwe - the nasemazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet wajoyina IMF.

Ngo-1999, IMF ayifakile amazwe 182.

Izilawuli, isakhiwo kanye iqhaza emazweni

Endlunkulu UN izinhlangano ezikhethekile - IMF - kuyinto e-Washington. Indikimba ebusayo we-International Monetary Fund iyona Board of Governors. Kuhlanganisa umbusi langempela futhi enye kusuka ngamunye ezweni yilungu lesiKhwama.

IsiGungu IBhodi liqukethe 24 abaqondisi, emele iqembu amazwe noma lamazwe ngamanye iqhaza. Kulokhu, umqondisi zokuphatha kuhlale European, kanye nePhini lakhe lokuqala - American.

Kumiswa dolobha ogunyaziwe is ngeminikelo evela e-United. Okwamanje, emazweni 188 bangamalungu IMF. Kususelwa usayizi izabelo ikhokhwe ngamavoti zawo ziyakuba basakaza phakathi amazwe.

ukhombise idatha IMF ukuthi inombolo enkulu amavoti okungewakho US (17.8%), Japan (6.13%), eJalimane (5.99%), e-UK France (by 4.95%), Saudi Arabia (3 , 22%), Italy (4.18%) neRussia (2.74%). Ngakho, e-United States njengongase isibalo esiphezulu samavoti yilona lizwe kuphela, okuyinto has a ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela ezintweni ezibaluleke kakhulu kukhulunywe IMF. A nasemazweni amaningana aseYurophu (hhayi kubo kuphela) vote ngendlela efanayo njengoba i-United States.

indima zesiKhwama ekukhuleni komnotho wezwe

IMF yengamela izinqubomgomo zezimali futhi malini United Member kanye yesimo sezomnotho emhlabeni wonke. Kuze kube yimanje, minyaka yonke, nodokotela ejensi kahulumeni mayelana exchange rate. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, aMalunga eMibuso kumele lithintane Isikhwama ezindabeni komnotho omkhulu.

Amazwe kudingeka IMF inikeza ukubolekisa emazweni ukunikela izimali ezibolekwe, okuyinto bakwazi ukuzisebenzisela izinjongo ezihlukahlukene.

Eminyakeni yokuqala amabili khona, isiKhwama wanika ukubolekisa emazweni ikakhulu asethuthukile, kodwa-ke, lo msebenzi uye refocused emazweni asathuthuka. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuqala kumiswa kwabo ohlelweni neo-wamakoloni emhlabeni.

amazwe izimo ukuthola imalimboleko IMF

Lokho amalungu States lenhlangano ungase uthole imalimboleko IMF, banayo ukuhlangabezana uchungechunge kwezimo zezombusazwe nezentengiselwano.

Lokhu kuthambekela kwavela Eighties ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili futhi uyaqhubeka kuphela lukhuni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

IMF-Bank kudinga ukuba afeze uhlelo, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, akuzona aziphume ziphele kuleli zwe ngaphandle kokuntengantenga, futhi kwamakhaya ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukukhula komnotho kanye ukuphela Ukuwohloka isimo kwezenhlalo bezakhamuzi kwenye jikelele.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-2007 kwaba nenhlekelele esiqine inhlangano IMF. Sokuqonda yenzikamnotho emhlabeni jikelele 2008, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi zezimali, mhlawumbe, kwaba nomphumela waso. Akekho owayefuna ukuthatha le nhlangano ukubolekisa, kulawo mazwe ukuthi bawamukele ngaphambili wafuna ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukukhokha izikweletu.

Kodwa kwaba khona inhlekelele yembulunga yonke, konke kwaqala ukuhamba, ngisho nangokwengeziwe. IMF ngenxa ikhuphukile imithombo yayo kathathu futhi kuthinte umnotho wezwe nakakhulu.