Ifilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo futhi isici yayo kwesikhathi ekuseni

Umsuka nefilosofi eGrisi lasendulo senzeka esikhathini phakathi VIII VI eminyaka BC. Ngaleso sikhathi, Greece ihlangabezana inkathi yokuba ikoloni, noma apoitizatsii (apoitiya - yayo ephesheya kwezilwandle we Polis ngesiGreki, cishe ezimele nedolobha elikhulu). isikhala Huge, ezifana Malaya Aziya futhi Graecia Magna (Italy) lidlule ensimini ka imbeleko yayo isiGreki emenza zefilosofi kuqala, ngoba nefilosofi Athene ukwenza isinyathelo sesibili, yabenza ukuthuthukiswa yokucabanga ngesiGreki. On izwe ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo kakhulu ukuthonywa isakhiwo zokuphila kwinqubomgomo kanye nohlobo zakudala lobugqila. Kuyinto khona yokugcina eGrisi lasendulo nendima enkulu kule nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, futhi bavunyelwe njengoba Engels ayiqaphelanga, a stratum oluthile lwabantu ukuba ukubhekana kuphela isayensi namasiko.

Ngakho-ke, ifilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo has a ngokucacile ezithile maqondana ifilosofi wanamuhla East lasendulo. Okokuqala, kusukela esikhathini Pythagoras, yembulwe njengendlela isiyalo ehlukile, futhi njengoba u-Aristotle uya isandla isayensi, rationalism kuyahluka futhi ehlukanisa ukuziqhelelanisa inkolo. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka yamaGreki kuba isisekelo wesayensi ezifana nomlando, imithi kanye mathematics. The main "isihloko" futhi samuntu irhuluphelo imfundo wefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo (kanye namasiko) kuyinto "Callosa agathos kai" - uxhumano ngobuhle bangaphandle kanye nezempilo kanye ekupheleleni okungokomoya.

Philosophy eGrisi lasendulo ephakanyiswe izindikimba ezimbili eziyinhloko - the ontology futhi epistemology, njengoba umthetho, kuqhathaniswa nomqondo isizathu nomsebenzi (okokugcina kubhekwa umsebenzi wesibili, ikilasi "ephansi", njengoba kuqhathaniswa ukucatshangelwa okumsulwa). ifilosofi yamaGreki asendulo futhi iyikhaya ezifana izinhlelo methodological njengoba elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo futhi dialectical. Wafunda eziningi izigaba njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi lasendulo empumalanga, ikakhulu eGibithe, wawangenisa inkulumo pan-European zefilosofi. nefilosofi Early yaseGrisi yasendulo ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezimbili - i-zakudala futhi pre-yokucabanga.

Ifilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo esikhathini zakudala libhekene cosmocentrism mifopoeticheskih usebenza lapho izimbongi yeqhawe akuchaze ukuvela izwe nezinto zalo amabutho ukushayela e izithombe basezinganekwaneni. Homer systematized Izinganekwane walidumisa zokuziphatha zobuqhawe Hesiod komculo umlando umsuka emhlabeni waba nezinxushunxushu izibalo, Gaia, Eros nabanye onkulunkulu. Wayengomunye ifomu etemibhalo lokuqala ethulwa inganekwane "yokuchuma", lapho ubulungisa futhi umsebenzi sibalulekile futhi waqala uyolila isiphetho owayephila "seSimbi," ukubusa isibhakela, isikhathi lapho amandla kuphakamisa ilungelo. Ngokwesiko, kunenkolelo yokuthi indima enkulu ekwakhiweni umcabango yefilosofi isikhathi abadlale okuthiwa "amadoda ayisikhombisa ahlakaniphile" ngubani washiya ahlakaniphile noma "gnomes", anikezelwe izimiso zokuziphatha ezifana ukulinganisela nokuzwana.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka zangaphambi yokucabanga, ifilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo libhekene khona eziningana zefilosofi izikole. esikoleni Milesian wefilosofi esingokwemvelo, esaziwa ngokuba pragmatism, yisifiso sokufuna ukuba isimiso esisodwa kanye nalokho okutholwe lokuqala yesayensi, ezifana nemfundo yezinkanyezi amathuluzi, amabalazwe, sundials. Cishe wonke amalungu alo zazivela ekilasini umthengisi. Ngakho, Thales wafunda ukusitheka kwelanga kubhekwa izakhi lokuqala wonke amanzi, Anaximander ungumdali amabalazwe Earth amamodeli sphere yasezulwini imisuka ngokuthi "apeiron" - elingenalo izimfanelo ndaba primordial, okuyinto kuwukuphikisana zehlisa ukuvela emhlabeni, futhi umfundi wakhe Anaximenes babekholelwa ukuthi imbangela eyodwa zonke kuyinto emoyeni. Omele edume kunayo esikoleni wase-Efesu Heraclitus is wethiwa abalilayo. Wafaka phambili umqondo wokuthi umhlaba akadalwanga umuntu, kodwa ngokwesimo sawo luwumlilo, bese kukhuphukele emakhaleni ami, bese kuqala ukuhwalala, futhi wagomela ngokuthi uma sifunda ngosizo bezibona, isisekelo solwazi lwethu iyona logo.

Ifilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo emelelwa Eleatic futhi esikoleni I-ithalikhi, ngokusekelwe kwezinye izigaba ezimbalwa. Ngokungafani Milesians, Eleatics - the aristocrats ngokuzalwa. Okwazekayo, bakhetha inqubo uhlelo, futhi ubukhulu obungapheliyo - isilinganiso.

Xenophanes ka isigcino wagxeka izethulo lasezinganekwaneni onkulunkulu, wanikela ukwabelana izinto futhi kubonakala sengathi kunokuthula. Parmenides ka Elea athuthukile imibono yakhe futhi wathi ukuba sazi imizwa sobala nezinto - logic. Ngakho-ke, ukuze enengqondo umuntu yize engekho, ngoba yonke imicabango sicabanga - kungcono linomqondo wokuba. Esikhundleni sakhe Zeno wachaza isikhundla yenkosi yakhe ngosizo edumile zango-eziphikisanayo.

esikoleni I-ithalikhi Waziwa ongqondongqondo okuyimfihlakalo njengoba Pythagoras, ngubani ezihlongozwayo ekutadisheni izinombolo kanye uxhumano yabo ngendlela engaqondakali emhlabeni futhi washiya imfundiso imfihlo. No kancane ezithakazelisayo kwakuyisazi sefilosofi Empedocles yeSisili edolobheni Agregenta. Imbangela sonke isikhathi sokuba khona, wayekholelwa izakhi ezine yokwenziwa - amanzi, umlilo, umoya futhi emhlabeni, futhi izimiso ezimbili asebenzayo - nothando nenzondo, futhi esimisweni sakhe zefilosofi, ezama ukuhlanganisa Parmenides futhi Heraclitus. Kamuva classical ifilosofi yamaGreki isekelwe imiphumela yayo nje imibono ongqondongqondo Italy.