Zénon Eleysky. Zeno ka Elea. esikoleni Eleatic

Zénon Eleysky - Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki Lasendulo, owayeyilungu umfundi Parmenides, ummeleli esikoleni Eleatic. Wazalwa cishe ngo-490 BC. e. eningizimu ye-Italy, emzini Elea.

Adume Zeno?

Izimpikiswano lokhu sefilosofi Zeno Yaduma njengoba polemicist onekhono umoya sophistry. Okuqukethwe izimfundiso sefilosofi Parmenides kubhekwe imibono ezifanayo. esikoleni Eleatic (Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno) kuyinto owandulela sophistry. Zénon ngokwesiko kubhekwe a kuphela ngokuthi "umfundi" ka Parmenides (nakuba Empedocles obizwa nangokuthi 'owalandela "yakhe). Esikhathini inkhulumomphendvulwano ekuqaleni ngokuthi "sophist" U-Aristotle ngokuthi "we-dialectic" ka Zeno. Wasebenzisa igama elithi "dialectic" kungenzeka zifakazela ukuba usizo kwezindinganiso ezizathwini ezithile ezivamile. Lokho wanikezela emisebenzini yakhe siqu Aristotle "Topeka".

Esikhathini "Phaedrus", uPlato ukhuluma oluphethe emihle "art disputations" "Eleatic Palamedes" (okusho ukuthi "umsunguli uhlakaniphile"). UPlutarch ubhala Zeno usebenzisa yokutholwa ukuchaza umkhuba wokusebenzisa Sufi amagama. Uthi lokhu sefilosofi wakwazi aphike, okuholela zango ngokusebenzisa esiphikisayo. Ebhekisela yokuthi Zeno kwadingeka sophistic uhlamvu amakilasi, kukhulunywa engxoxweni "Alcibiades mina" ukuthi isazi sefilosofi wathatha yesikole ephakeme Imali. UDiogenes Laertius uthi okokuqala waqala ukuloba mpendulwano Zénon Eleysky. Lesi sazi ukuthi bacabange futhi umfundisi Pericles, sibalo Athens 'edumile zezombusazwe.

inqubomgomo Amakilasi Zeno

Ingatholakala imibiko doxography ukuthi Zeno eyingoduso kwezombusazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, wahlanganyela ugobe Niarchos, zikamashiqela (Kunezinye ezahlukeneyo lwegama lakhe), uboshiwe kanti uzame ngaphansi kokuphenywa ukuluma indlebe yakhe. Le indaba inikeza uDiogenes ka Heracleides Lembo, owavele, libhekisela incwadi peripatetic Ihlaya.

Izazi-mlando eziningi zasendulo lidlule imibiko ukumelana in ukwahlulelwa kwaleli sefilosofi. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana Antisthenes saseRhodes, Zénon Eleysky alunywe off ngolimi lwakhe. Hermippus eSmirna ukuthi isazi sefilosofi waphonswa Stupa lapho istolkli yakhe. Lesi siqephu kwaba kamuva ethandwa kakhulu izincwadi zasendulo. UPlutarch ukhuluma Heroneysky, Diodir Sicilia, Flaviy Filostrat, Kliment Aleksandriysky, uTertullian.

Imisebenzi Zeno

Zénon Eleysky kwaba nombhali imisebenzi "ngokumelene ifilosofi", "Impikiswano", "Ukuhunyushwa Empedocles" futhi "Ngo Imvelo". Nokho, kungenzeka, ukuthi bonke, ngaphandle "Le Ukuhunyushwa Empedocles", eqinisweni okuhlukile igama encwadini eyodwa. Ngo "Parmenides" uPlato libhekisela umsebenzi eyabhalwa Zeno ukuze ukugcona nezitha uthisha wakhe futhi ubonise ukuthi iziphetho yalokhu iyize ngaphezulu okuholela nokucabanga motion lishone kuka ukuqashelwa isidalwa eyodwa Parmenides. Ngokucabanga , isazi sefilosofi esaziwayo ambonisa abalobi kamuva. Lokhu-Aristotle (indzaba "Physics"), kanye Abahlaziyi yakhe (isib, Simplicius).

emaphuzwini Zeno

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-Zeno yalotshwa nini, ngokusobala, yenombolo iqoqo agumenti. Ubufakazi by ukuphikisana encishisiwe ifomu yabo okunengqondo. Lokhu sefilosofi, avikela zonke postulate njengesidalwa umile olulodwa, ubani oye waba phambili esikoleni Eleatic (Zeno, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, zadalwa ukuze ukusekela imfundiso Parmenides), wafuna ukubonisa ukuthi okuphambene mqondo nesabelo (mayelana ukunyakaza bese usetha) ngempela kuholela engenangqondo, ongqondongqondo ngokunjalo, kumele senqaba.

Zeno, balandela ngokusobala umthetho "phakathi ayifakiwe": uma isitatimende esisodwa esisuka okuphambene ezimbili akulona iqiniso, kuyiqiniso ngaphezulu. Namuhla siyazi amaqembu amabili alandela agumenti sefilosofi (Zeno ka Elea) ngokumelene ukunyakaza futhi ngokumelene abaningi. Futhi, kunobufakazi okubonisa ukuthi uwukuthi zonke izizathu eziphikisa bezibona sezinzwa futhi ngokumelene isikhala.

Amaphuzu aphikisa ezihlukahlukene Zénon

Simplicius Ukulondolozile lezi zimpikiswano. Ucaphuna umbiko Zeno esichasiselweni ku "Physics" Aristotle ezwakalayo. Proclus uthi umsebenzi inzalo sazi thina kuyinto agumenti 40 efanayo. Ezinhlanu kuzo thina uhlu.

1. Ukuvikela komfundisi wakhe, ngubani Parmenides, Zénon Eleysky uthi uma kukhona abaningi, kusobala ukuthi izinto kufanele ezidingekayo, futhi ezinkulu nezincane: ezincane ukuze Awunawo value futhi zinkulu kangangokuba akupheli.
   
   Ubufakazi elandelayo. Inani ezithile kumele ekhona. Benezelwa kuya okuthile, kuzokhuphula futhi wehlise, abayiswa. Kodwa ukuze lihlukaniswe ezinye, kufanele ukumvikela, abe khona ibanga elithile. Lokho njalo phakathi suschimi ezimbili niyophiwa lesithathu, sibonga abahluke ngazo. Iphinde kumele lingafani nomunye futhi t. D. Ngokuvamile kuyoba ngokungenamkhawulo enkulu ikhona njengoba nenani izinto i isethi okungenamkhawulo. Philosophy Eleatic esikoleni (Parmenides, Zeno, kanye nabanye.) Ingabe esekelwe lo mbono.
   
   
2. Uma kukhona abaningi, bese izinto kuyoba, futhi akupheli futhi kulinganiselwe.
   
   Ubufakazi: Uma kukhona iqoqo izinto ukudla okuningi njengoba banayo, akukho kancane futhi kusaba khona, okungukuthi, inombolo lawo lilinganiselwe. Nokho, kulesi simo uyohlale ezinye izinto phakathi, phakathi lapho, esikhundleni salokho, - yesithathu, njll Lokho, isibalo sazo akupheli ... Ngoba ngesikhathi esifanayo ubufakazi obuphikisana nalokho, le postulate kokuqala ayilungile. Obekwe alikho. Lona omunye imiqondo esemqoka okwenzeka Parmenides (esikoleni Eleatic). Zénon buyakusekela.
   
   
3. Uma kukhona abaningi, izinto ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele kube ezihluke nokunye okunjalo, okuyinto engenakwenzeka. Ngokusho uPlato lokhu agumenti waqala nathi nefilosofi amabhuku kwezinhloso zenzuzo. Lokhu aporia kusikisela ukuthi into efanayo ubonakala efana uqobo futhi ukuhluka kwabanye. Ngo uPlato kuyaqondakala njengoba paralogism njengoba unlikeness futhi umfuzile zithathwa ngezindlela ezahlukene.
   
   
4. Siphawula nengxabano ezithakazelisayo ngokumelene esihlalweni. Zénon wathi uma kukhona indawo, kumele kube yinto, njengoba sisebenza kuzo zonke izinto. Lokho kusho ukuthi indawo beyoba endaweni. Nokunye infinity. Isiphetho: ayikho indawo. Lokhu kugcine Aristotle Abahlaziyi yakhe baphakathi paralogisms. Ngokungalungile, ukuthi "ukuba" - kusho "ukuba esikhundleni," njengoba kwezinye indawo abekho imiqondo ehlukene nemizimba.
   
   
5. Against sezinzwa bezibona agumenti ngokuthi "unyaluthi amabele." Uma omunye okusanhlamvu noma senkulungwane yayo ukuwa wawungezwakali umsindo njengoba ungakwenza kule medimnov awe? Uma okusanhlamvu medimnov ukhiqiza umsindo, Ngakho-ke, kufanele futhi zisebenza owodwa senkulungwane lokho alikho empeleni. Lokhu impikiswano evusa inkinga kombundu okuqonda yethu izinzwa, nokho uthi washayelwa ngokuya lonke kanye izingxenye. Paralogism kule ekwenziweni ukuthi imayelana "umsindo ezivezwa ingxenye", okuyinto hhayi ngokoqobo (njengoba kwaphawula u-Aristotle, ikhona kungenzeka).

Uwukuthi zonke izizathu eziphikisa ezinyakazayo

Ukuthandwa enkulu yatholwa zango ezine Zeno ka Elea ngokumelene isikhathi ukunyakaza, aziwa "Physics" Aristotle, futhi amazwana kuso Ioanna Filopona futhi Simplicius. Abokuqala ababili babo kusekelwe eqinisweni ukuthi ingxenye anoma yibuphi ubude kungenziwa imelelwa isibalo esingapheliyo "izindawo" (izingxenye) indivisible. Kungase kungabi isikhathi sokugcina lidlule. I aporia yesithathu neyesine esekelwe ukuthi izingxenye indivisible futhi kuhlanganisa isikhathi.

"Dichotomy"

Cabanga ukungqubuzana "Izigaba" ( "Dichotomy" - elinye igama). Ngaphambi unqobe ibanga elithile, umzimba ezihambayo kumelwe uhambe kuqala ingxenye uhhafu futhi phambi isigamu ukufinyelela, lapho efuna ukuya khona ngokusebenzisa uhhafu uhhafu, nokunye Ad Infinitum, ngoba iyiphi ingxenye ingahlukaniswa ngesigamu, wayengumuntu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sincane kangakanani.

Ngamanye amazwi, njengoba ukunyakaza njalo kwenziwe esikhaleni, futhi ubonakala njengeNkosi continuum izingxenye ngokungenamkhawulo eziningi ezahlukene empeleni samanje njengoba sihlukaniswe infinity kuba yinoma yisiphi ubuningi okuqhubekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, umzimba ezihambayo bayoba nesikhathi elinganiselwe ukudlula isibalo izingxenye, okuyinto elingapheli. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuhambisa.

"Achilles"

Uma kukhona ukunyakaza, umgijimi esheshayo kungaba neze lizothola okulengayo, ngoba kuyadingeka ukuze kuqala ekubambeni safinyelela indawo lapho runaway baqala ukuthutha. Ngakho-ke, isidingo isebenza kancane ngaphezulu kufanele njalo kube kancane phambili.

Ngempela, hambisa - okusho asuka kwelinye iphuzu eya kwelinye. Kusukela endaweni A Achilles okusheshayo iqala ukuze uhambisane ne ufudu, ngubani okwamanje ukhombe B. Waqale ngizodabula isigamu-indlela, okungukuthi, buqamamana ^. Lapho Achilles kuyoba endaweni Ab, isikhashana, kuze kube yilapho wenza ufudu ukunyakaza ukuthatha ezimbalwa ngaphezulu phezu DDL ingxenye. Khona-ke, ube phakathi endleleni umgijimi uzodinga abafikayo Bb. Ukuze wenze lokhu, yena, kudlule A1V maphakathi. Lapho lo msubathi ngeke maqondana lo mgomo maphakathi (A2), kancane okunye kufanele ufudu yazithandela. Njalo njalo. Zénon Eleysky kuzo zombili aporias isikisela ukuthi continuum uyahlukaniswa infinity, ecabanga ukuthi lokhu ekhona elingapheli empeleni.

"Umcibisholo"

Eqinisweni, nemicibisholo ezindizayo uyaphumula, babekholelwa Zénon Eleysky. Ifilosofi wale mfundo kwadingeka njalo a izizathu, futhi lokhu aporia iyathinteka. Ubufakazi ke lokhu okulandelayo: umcibisholo isikhathi ngasinye ethatha isikhala, okuyinto ilingana umthamo yayo (kusukela boom kungenjalo kungaba "ndawo") up. Kodwa isikhala elilingana ngokwayo - yingakho ngiphumule. It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi umuntu akhulelwe motion kuphela njengoba isamba ahlukene lokuphumula. Akunakwenzeka, ngoba akwenzeki kuzo akukho lutho.

"Ukuhambisa umzimba"

Uma kukhona ukunyakaza, kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele lokhu okulandelayo. Omunye amagugu ababili bayalingana, bese ukuhambisa ngezinga elifanayo, kungase kuthathe isikhathi alinganayo kabili ibanga, kodwa akalingani omunye.

Lokhu aporia ngokwesiko elicwengwé ngosizo umdwebo. Move ubheke ezinye into ngayinye amabili alinganayo, okuyinto ebekwe izinhlamvu zamagama. Ziyakwazi ezindleleni kuqondane and ihlolwe ngesikhathi esifanayo by isihloko lwesithathu, amatilosi bayalingana ezidlula. Ukuhambisa kanje ngejubane elifanayo, esikhathini esedlule umile kanye nezinye - ngumuntu into ezihambayo, ibanga elifanayo liyaphela futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngesikhathi isikhawu, nengxenye yayo. isikhashana Indivisible lapho lokhu kuyoba kabili yena. Kuyinto ngokunengqondo ayilungile. Kumelwe zibe sihlukaniswe noma ukuba yingxenye sihlukaniswe futhi indivisible isikhala. Njengoba Zeno akekho noma ezinye ayivumeli, uphetha, Ngakho-ke, ukuthi ukunyakaza ayikwazi wakhulelwa ngaphandle ingxabano. Okungukuthi, ingekho.

Isiphetho kuzo zonke zango

Isiphetho sokuthi kwenziwe kuzo zonke zango washayelwa besekela imibono Parmenides, Zeno, wukuthi kuyasiqinisekisa ukuthi ukhona ukunyakaza futhi ezihlukahlukene ubufakazi izinzwa ungavumelani agumenti okucabanga, kuphikisana ngokwako ayiqukethe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ziyiqiniso. Amanga kulesi simo kufanele kubhekwe agumenti nemizwa okusekelwe kuzo.

Nidlala nobani bathunyelwa zango?

I ukuphendula umbuzo ngokumelene nobani Zeno bathunyelwa kuphela, it abuzange. Kuye obonakaliswe izincwadi iphuzu lapho ukuphikisana nale nkolelo kuyinto abasekeli eziphikisayo "atomistic zezibalo" Pythagoras okuyinto umzimba wenyama zakhiwe amaphuzu Jomethri futhi ucabangele ukuthi isikhathi has isakhiwo athomu. Lo mbono manje ine abasekeli.

Kukholakala in the isiko incazelo eyanele lasendulo aphakanyisiwe ngibuyela uPlato ukuthi Zeno bavikela imicabango uthisha wakhe. Ngakho-ke bonke labo wangaba nemfundiso esebeké phambili esikoleni Eleatic (Parmenides, Zeno) abaphikisi bakhe, futhi aphethwe esekelwe ebufakazini lokusebenzisa ingqondo.

Ngakho, sakhuluma ngokuthi ngubani Zénon Eleysky. Kafushane sibuyekezwe zango yayo. Namuhla, le mpikiswano mayelana isakhiwo ukunyakaza, isikhathi nendawo ikude liphelele, ukuze le mibuzo ezithakazelisayo ihlale ivuliwe.