Kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar: inkambo imicimbi, umlando, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

owokuqala futhi ezisongela zolotaya Orda ku namathathu banesifo esibi ekuqaleni kwekhulu xv waqala ukuhambisa izimpawu ezicacile zokuwohloka. Kwakuyisikhathi umbandela esihle ekuqaleni inqubo, okwaphumela kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar, emakhulwini eminyaka cishe izingalo ezimbili nengxenye nethonya lokubusa la mazwe Russian. usuku lakhe ubhekwa Novemba 11, 1480, lapho isikhathi eside ngxabano ku River umbokwane phakathi Russian futhi Tartar ibutho squads Uqede isitha babaleka.

Ukuwa zidlamlilo

Ungalondolozi zidlamlilo futhi ibhodi zomholi oluvelele lempi Emir Edigeya, uzama ukugcina isandla sensimbi isimo kwamazinyo. Ngokushesha ngemva kokugumbuqelwa lakhe 1411, abasha ababili, zizimele kusukela kwenye Khanate kwamiswa, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, okusongela kwabo, waqhubeka wanda amandla alo ngokuzihlanganisa kokuba emashumini eminyaka ngaphambi Big zidlamlilo. Ubani yalibusa kule minyaka Khan Akhmat zibe nempumelelo ethile ekubuyiselweni ubukhulu yangaphambili amaMongol uthi, kodwa inzuzo yaba ngeyesikhashana, futhi ngenxa yalokho kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar Kusolwa ubunjalo ngenakugwemeka inqubo zomlando. babe izimangalo engahlula imperious ngabanye Tatar izikhulu.

Ukuqinisa we ubukhulu eMoscow

Isikhathi efanayo wabona nokwanda okuphawulekayo eMoscow, eRussia, ngaphandle lapho umzabalazo kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar kwakungenakwenzeka. A esicacile sokuthi lokhu kwaba ukwenqaba Grand Prince Ivan III ukuba ngincome zidlamlilo okubekwa phambi. Ngenxa yalokho, le maduze kuphele bonke namarisidi imali emazweni Russian ukuthi khans namanje waqhubeka babheka ulus zabo - indawo Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo. Kusukela ngaleso isikhulu isikhathi Mezhuyev eMoscow kanye zidlamlilo Khan iqala umzabalazo ezingahlangani. Kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar Wawungenza ngokoqobo.

Ukulungiselela isinyathelo sezempi

Han Ahmat - umninindlu zidlamlilo Omkhulu, uqaphele ukuthi kuphela okunomthelela ngokushesha futhi enamandla owenziwe eMoscow, uyakwazi ukuphoqelela Russian futhi ukuba ikhokhe intela. Lokhu samenta sokuba luqale ukulungiselela umkhankaso juqu. Unganelisekile Umumo wezimpi wayekade eqoqwe (ngaphambi kokuwa abathintekayo a zidlamlilo olulodwa), Ahmad isivumelwano ku ezempi ngokuhlanganyela ne-Lithuanian isikhulu Kazimierz, nabo bathi isabelo sabo ngesikhathi kunesigameko sokuphanga Imininingwane yamazwe Russian.

Moscow njengoba Prince Ivan Iii - sezombusazwe abahlakaniphile nabafundisi ezicashile, wayeqhutshwa, ivikelwe ukusekela YaseCrimea Khan Mengli Giray, owayengufakazi abaphikisi ngekutsi ka Akhmad. Ukubala yayisekelwe yokuthi wayesaba ngokucacile inzuzo Tartar umbusi, uyakwazi ezilandelayo kwemashi eMoscow ukuze ujike amaviyo alo maqondana eCrimea, okuyinto okwase kuyisikhathi eside inesifiso. Lapho zitadisha izenzakalo, ngokucacile lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar kubangelwe le ukuxabana, feuds, okwakubekelwa obala zidlamlilo esikhathini zokuwohloka yayo. Lokhu kufakazelwa umlando eziningi esekhona.

Izimo lapho waqala kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar

Unyaka 1480 th, lapho izinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ibutho Khan Akhmat wathutha ukumasha eMoscow, kwaba inhlekelele kuye. Ngokwe-izinkontileka lwaphetha, ngesikhathi esifanayo ke kwadingeka ukuba baphume namabutho Lithuanian, kodwa okungokoqobo is ngokuphelele wephule lezi zinhlelo - ngaphakathi Duchy of Lithuania ngokuzumayo yahlasela nge nenqwaba sizana eMoscow - YaseCrimea Khan. ubudlova yakhe okungazelelwe ophoqelelwe izikhulu Lithuanian ukugxila wonke amandla abo ku reflection wakhe zitshontshe Akhmat bakusekele. Ngenxa yalokho, Khan kwakufanele athembele emandleni abo.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amabutho Russian ngokushesha ukwaziswa mayelana nendlelanchubo yetinhlobo lesitha, matasa osebeni Oka. Ukuhambisa bebheke eMoscow, AmaTatar ngoJuni ashaqe antshontsha Kaluga futhi Serpukhov. Isimo kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze Pskov wasondela Knights-German. Ngihlangana nabo bathuthela ibutho elikhulu iphansi kwesandla sika-Ivan Kwentsha - nendodana encane yalo eMoscow Prince Ivan III. Grand Duke yena namabutho main kwaba ngaleso sikhathi e Kolomna.

I standoff phezu Ugra

Ngaphandle kokuchitha ithemba elikhulu azowalekelela Lithuanian Han Ahmat wathumela amasosha ukuba umlomo Ugra umfula ukuthi egobhoza waseningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwe isiRashiya, futhi ilindele Prince Casimir wathatha isikhundla ukuzivikela. Nokho, ngokungafani kubo ngakolunye uhlangothi lomfula ehola amabutho Russian zibuya ngokushesha, futhi ngemva kwabo efika amabutho main oholwa UMbusi eMoscow. Ngakho, ukugembula on ukumangala ayehlasela Khan bahluleka.

Ngesikhashana nje, zombili ziye wazama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukungethusa, ngaphesheya komfula, ukuhlasela, kodwa akekho kubo kuphumelele. Noma kunjalo, isimo sesishintshile esivuna Russian. Bafika kosizo emashalofini Uglich Prince Andreya Volotsk - Boris ngaphambilini engazimisele ukusekela Ivan III. Njengoba Han Ahmat akalindanga umbimbi Lithuanian, le preponderance kwamandla uye esitshekile esivuna baseRussia.

Autumn, abandayo nendlala

Zonke ihlobo noma ekwindla ekuseni ka 1480 kwakunabamemezeli izibhelu njalo phakathi kwezinhloko zamaviyo esisogwini izinhlangothi ezahlukene emfuleni. Ngezikhathi ezithile base iphazanyiswe ngomzamo sifinyelele yimuphi umphumela ngokusebenzisa ukuxoxisana. Kodwa ukuze uqhube nokukhokhwa inkokhiso eMoscow Wenqaba ngokucacile, futhi yimuphi omunye izimo zezwe Ahmad bengalamukeli. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba Novemba.

Winter lowo nyaka basheshe bafika, futhi kakade ekuqaleni kwenyanga Ugra eba yiqhwa, futhi ogwini lwayo zambozwa ungqimba obukhulu kweqhwa smorzshegosya. Njengoba AmaTatar Kwethenjwa ukuthi umkhankaso wabo ngeke athathe isimo operation okusheshayo wezempi, futhi akazange obakhathalelayo ukuhlinzeka amabutho ngokudla nangokwenama ifolishi, ngokushesha indlala ekamu yabo. Behlelwa yilo mshophi ekubulaweni yindlala futhi impi-amahhashi.

Lo mcimbi ukuthi eyayimfuqa kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar

Chaza ngamafuphi lokho okusezahlukweni kwenzeka ngoNovemba 11, 1480, kunzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho phakathi mlando kungekho ukuvumelana ngale. Phakathi kwabo, impikiswano iyaqhubeka ukuthi zinjalo yini kwaba ingamanga ngofaka Ivan III, noma wadlala indima ethile ebhayisikobho uma. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi ngalolo suku, isikhulu kumelwe ngaphambilini ukuhoxisa amasosha akhe nezwe edolobheni Borovsk. Lapho Russian kwesokunxele ogwini, AmaTatar basabela nhlobo - ayesebaleka.

Abaningi bathi lokhu kubangwa yokuthi isenzo sangaphandle Russian olufana ngokuyenga AmaTatar ogibeni ayeyilungiselele ebhange obuhlukile, futhi uma kunjalo, Ngakho-ke, bekufanele ukuba ithonya elikhulu, elingase bamane angazanga. Kodwa, noma kunjalo, le AmaTatar babaleka. Ngakho, kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar kwaba umphumela ukubulawa ngempumelelo iqhinga, hhayi impi wezimpi ezalandela. Nokho, umlando uyazi izibonelo eziningi ezinjalo.

Ekuqaleni inqubo okukhulu

Nokho, lokhu kwakumane nje kuyisiqalo senqubo, nokugumbuqelwa sokugcina ijoka Tartar kwaba eziseza. Ingakapheli iminyaka emibili, njengoba AmaTatar ezicekeleke phansi ukuze kushiswe Kiev, bese wenza umkhankaso isigebengu ngokumelene izindawo eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeRussia. It is wawuhlanganisa ubunkimbinkimbi isimo naseLithuania. Ngu-1501, zonke izinqolobane lempi kwadingeka ukuba aphonse ku ibonisa ubudlova yayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, u-Ivan Iii waphoqeleka ukuba uqhube okwesikhashana ekukhokhweni intela umninindlu zidlamlilo elilandelayo - indodana Akhmad Khan Sheikh Ahmed, lokho kwaba kuningi limane lifakwe kokugumbuqelwa ephelele ijoka Tartar. Usuku November 11, ngakho-ke, kumane nje kuyisiqalo loko ka uhambo olude, kwaqedwa okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa Ivana Groznogo, kodwa nokho wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi ekupheleni ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka of ingqongqo wafakwa ngalolu suku.

Ngisho nangemva kokuba ukuqedwa le Khanate Kazan e 1552. Russia namanje iminyaka eminingi enesifo ayimizulane, kodwa forays zabo sebevele bekhona uhlamvu sokuhlaselwa isigebengu ukungasebenzi amasosha avamile. Akukho lapho kuye isimo izizwe asemaqeleni isiRashiya, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuthi ngincome ke engakwazi ukuhamba. Omunye Amakhasi esinzima emlandweni weRussia seliphendulelwe unaphakade.