Ubani futhi yiliphi ilungelo lokuhamba ezokuthutha zomphakathi?

Ilungelo lokuhamba ezokuthutha umphakathi eRussia likhona. Nguwe kuphela okudingeka ukwazi ukuthi ubani nobani amabhonasi afakwa kusuka kuhulumeni. Uma ngabe wazi konke lokhu, kungenzeka ukuthi ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezikhethekile zokusebenzisa izithuthi zomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthola wonke ama-nuances wombuzo ngaphansi kokutadisha. Ukuthuthwa komphakathi yizinto abantu abaningi abasebenzisa nsuku zonke, ngezinye izikhathi izikhathi eziningana ngosuku. Kungenzeka yini ukulondoloza imali?

Akuzona zonke izindlela zokuthutha

Izinzuzo yizinto ezithandayo izakhamuzi eziningi. Ngihlale ngifuna ukusebenzisa wonke amathuba anikeziwe. Ikakhulukazi uma amabhonasi akuvumela ukuba uthole isaphulelo esihle.

Izinzuzo zokuhamba ezokuthutha umphakathi zingenzeka ngempela. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi akusebenzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimoto. Ngamanye amazwe, kunoma yiziphi izimo, kufanele ukhokhe imali ngokugcwele.

Okwamanje, izinzuzo azikwazi ukusetshenziselwa itekisi yomzila nejwayelekile. Ngenkathi kokuqala kukhona okunye. Kodwa ajwayelekile. Kodwa kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zokuthutha zomphakathi, ungasebenzisa ukuhamba okukhethekile ezimweni ezithile.

Izifunda

Kumele kuqashelwe iqiniso elilodwa elithakazelisayo kakhulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi izinzuzo zokuhamba ezokuthutha zomphakathi zibekiwe, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, hhayi bonke. Futhi amabhonasi awasebenzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimoto. Kodwa lezi akuzona zonke izici okudingeka zicatshangelwe.

Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi izakhamizi zithola amalungelo okuthutha okunjalo ezingeni lesifunda. Ngamanye amazwi, idolobha ngalinye linemithetho yalo kulokhu okucutshungulwayo. Ngakho-ke, endaweni ethile kunamalungelo amaningi okuthutha, endaweni ethile kancane. Kunconywa ukuthi ucacise ulwazi oluqondile esifundeni sokuhlala.

Abathola Imali Ephakade

Naphezu kwazo zonke ezingenhla, eRussia kukhona uhlu oluthile lwezinzuzo eziqinisekisiwe. Lezi yizigaba zezakhamuzi ezingafanelekela ukuhamba okukhethiwe ekuthuthweni komphakathi endaweni ngayinye.

Yiziphi izakhamuzi ezivame ukuthola ilungelo lokuhamba kwamahhala, noma isaphulelo kuso? Phakathi kwalabo abazuzwayo kuwumkhuba wokwabiwa:

• Abafundi;
• Izikole;
• Izimpesheni;
• Ama-Veterans of labor;
• Ama-Veterans weMpi Yezwe Yesibili;
• Abantu abakhubazekile.

Zonke izigaba ezingenhla, njengomthetho, zithola izinzuzo zokuhamba ezokuthutha zomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kufanele siqaphele lezi zakhamuzi. Kwezinye izindawo, lolu hlu lungabuye lwagcwaliswa.

Yini engingayikhamba?

Amalungelo anikezwe izinhlobo ezithile zezimoto. Yiziphi? Ngokuvamile akuningi okuhlukile. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi yiluhlobo luni lokuthutha abantu abangawasebenzisa ngamagama akhethwayo.

Phakathi kwazo zonke izinketho ongakhetha kuzo:

• Amabhasi wezimoto zasemadolobheni;
• Amabhasi okuhamba;
• Amabhasi e-Trolley;
• Amathrekhi;
• I-metro;
• Izitimela;
• Isitimela sikagesi.

Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi amateksi omgwaqo ahleliwe futhi avumela ezinye izigaba zezakhamizi ukuthi zithole ukuhamba okukhethiwe. Kodwa ohlwini olujwayelekile lezo zokuhamba azihlanganisiwe. Ukwaziswa okuqondile kakhulu, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kunconywa ukuthi kufundwe ekulawulweni kwedolobha.

AmaVeterans of Labour

Ziyini izinzuzo zabagibeli bezokuhamba ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene? Lesi sigaba sezakhamizi sinezinzuzo ezingunaphakade. Banikezwa amabhonasi ahlukahlukene kuhulumeni ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila. Futhi ukuhamba akuhlukile.

Ezindaweni ngayinye, isigaba esigamazwe sabantu sinelungelo lokusebenzisa izimoto zomphakathi zomphakathi ngamagama akhethekile. Izinzuzo zokuhamba kubasebenzi bezilwane zabasebenzi zihlinzeka ngokuhamba ngokukhululekile. Abantu abanjalo banelungelo lokusebenzisa izithuthi zomphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokha ithikithi.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi isakhamuzi kufanele sibonise isikhundla sakhe esikhethekile. Kulokhu, isitifiketi somsebenzi wezilwane sinikezwa. Uma ngabe idokhumenti elinjalo likhona, ungakwazi ukugibela mahhala ezokuthutha zomphakathi ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezikhethekile. Lona umkhuba obonakala ezindaweni eziningi.

Izimpesheni

Isigaba esilandelayo yizimpesheni. Olunye uhlobo lwezakhamizi, ezivame ukunikezwa isaphulelo ekuhambeni kwezimoto. Noma ngokujwayelekile ilungelo lokuhamba kwamahhala. Ngokuvamile, abantu abavamile abaye bafinyelela eminyakeni yobudala beze umhlalaphansi bangahamba ngalezi zindlela noma ezinye izindlela zomphakathi zokuhamba ngezindlela zokukhetha, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele mahhala. Lo magazini, njengombuso, uphinde ulawulwe ezingeni lesifunda.

Ngokuya ngesimo senhlalakahle sesakhamuzi, izinzuzo zokuhambela abahola impesheni zingahluka. Isibonelo, ungasebenzisa ilungelo lokuthola ithikithi noma ngokukhululekile ukuhamba ngezindlela zomphakathi zokuhamba. Noma uthole isaphulelo (cishe 50-60%) ithikithi ngayinye.

Njengokwesikhashana esidlule, izinzuzo zokuhambela abahola impesheni zinikezwa kuphela uma kukhona idokhumenti efanelekile. Umbuzo wesitifiketi sesempesheni. Kungathathwa ngabesifazane eminyakeni engama-55, amadoda - angama-60. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikhathi eziningi zokuphila komzakhamuzi zicatshangelwa. Isibonelo, ukutholakala komsebenzi. Abasebenzi abanamathuba amaningi namathuba kunabasebenzi abahola impesheni.

Izingane zesikole

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwabahlomulo yizingane zesikole. Abakwazi ukuhamba mahhala, banikezwa isaphulelo ekuhambeni. Iminyaka yokuthola ithuba elinjalo ayikhawulelwe. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Umfundi wesikole unelungelo lokuhamba ngezithuthi zomphakathi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi - eminyakeni engama-6, futhi ngo-17. Ngisho nangeminyaka engu-18, uma esefunda.

Ukuze uthole inzuzo yokuvakashela izingane zesikole, kumele ubonise ikhadi elibizwa ngokuthi umfundi. Noma isitifiketi somfundi. Ikhishwa esikoleni, kodwa kufanele kube nesithombe somntwana ephepheni. Uma kungenjalo, kuzodingeka uhambe, ukhokhe izindleko ezigcwele zetikiti.

Ngokuvamile abaqhubi bangena esikhundleni. Kulula ukuhlukanisa ingane yesikolo kusuka kumuntu omdala. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenza, kungase kungabi khona ikhadi lomfundi. Yiqiniso, uhambo olunjalo alukwazi ukubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokomthetho. Isaphulelo setikithi singama-50%.

Isitimela

Ukuqapha okukhethekile kuyadingeka yizitimela zikagesi. Loluhlobo lwemoto lusetshenziselwa abantu abaningi. Izinzuzo zokuhamba ezitimeleni zikagesi zikhona yonke indawo. Kodwa izakhamuzi kufanele zichaze lolu lwazi esifundeni sabo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, zonke izaphulelo kanye nokuhamba kwamahhala kusethwe ngamagama ahlukene.

Isibonelo, amalungelo okuhamba ezitimeleni zikagesi ayenzeka ngokuqondene nabahola impesheni kanye namaqhawe weMpi Yezwe yesibili, kanye nabantu abakhubazekile. Lezi zigaba zezakhamizi zinelungelo lokuhamba mahhala. Abafundi nabafundi ngesikhathi samahora bangafunda amabhonasi uma bethengwa amathikithi. Abantu abanjalo bayahamba eshibhile. Isaphulelo kwitikithi lingama-40-50%.

EMoscow nasesifundazweni saseMoscow, abahola impesheni nabangenalutho abakwazi ukusebenzisa nje isitimela mahhala, kodwa futhi bashaye amathikithi kusengaphambili. Izinsuku ezingu-10 ngaphambi kohambo, izakhamizi zingakwazi ukubhuka isitimela esitimeleni.

Abantu abakhubazekile

Ilungelo lokuhamba ngezithuthi zomphakathi yinto ethandeka abaningi. Kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu onethuba lokuthola ibhonasi enjalo kusuka kuhulumeni. Abantu abakhubazekile, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, bangakwazi ukugibela kuzo zombili izitimela namabhasi. Kuphela kumateksi omgwaqo ongenqunyiwe, njengomthetho, abanalo ilungelo lokuhamba ngokuhamba.

Ngokuvamile, amabhonasi asebenza kubantwana abakhubazekile. Kwanele ukuba ube nesitifiketi sokukhubazeka futhi unikeze ekuhambeni. Isibonelelo sokuhamba kubantu abakhubazekile akuyona ibhonasi kuphela. Ilungelo lendlela lingasetshenziswa ngumuntu ohambisana nokukhubazeka.

Ezitimeleni zikaMoscow

Sekushiwo ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi isifunda ngasinye sinemithetho yaso ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa ngaphansi kokucwaninga. Ngakho-ke, ngeke kwenzeke ukuthola okunye okucacile okuqinisekisiwe: konke kuchazwa esifundeni ngasinye ngokwehlukana.

Ziyini izinzuzo zokuhamba ezokuthutha zomphakathi eMoscow nasesifundazweni saseMoscow? Isibonelo, lapho uhamba ngezitimela zikagesi. Wonke amathuba adalwe ngaphambilini abanjelwe abantu. Kodwa ezitimeleni zikagesi ilungelo lokuhamba kwamahhala lingasetshenziswa yizigaba zabantu ezilandelayo:

• Izingane ezinokukhubazeka, kungakhathaliseki iqembu elikhubazekile;
• Izintandane nabantwana abasele bengenakekelwa;
• Ama-Veterans of labor;
• Abasebenza emuva ;
• Imindeni emikhulu kuze kube neminyaka eyi-16 (izingane eziningi zibhekwa njengezingane ezintathu noma ngaphezulu);
• Ama-Veterans weMpi Yezwe Yesibili.

Izingane

Enye iphuzu ukuthi izingane ezincane kakhulu zinelungelo lokukhululeka ukuhamba kuzo zonke izithuthi zomphakathi. Okuhlukile itekisi (hhayi i-minibus). Lo mthetho usebenza kuwo wonke amadolobha ngaphandle kokuhlukile. Futhi akusebenzi nje kuphela izakhamizi zaseRussia Federation. Ubuzwe, empeleni, abuyiphi indima kulokhu okucatshangelwayo.

Izinzuzo zokuhamba ngezokuthutha zomphakathi - yilokho abazali bezingane abangasebenzisa. Kuze kube neminyaka engu-3 ubudala, izingane zingathunyelwa mahhala uma zisebenzisa amabhasi, amatekisi kanye ne-trams, uma izingane zingenaso isihlalo esihlukile.

Uma kungenjalo, kufanele uthenge ithikithi lokuhamba "yezingane". Kungabuye kuthiwe isikole. Izingane ezincane kakhulu zinikezwa ilungelo elinjalo lokuhamba ezokuthutha umphakathi.

Uma ingane ingumfana wesikole, kodwa engenawo ikhadi lomfundi noma i-ID yesithombe somfundi, kuzodingeka akhokhe izindleko zokuhamba, njengabantu abadala.

Iziphetho

Manje kucacile ukuthi isimo kanjani nokuhamba kwezithuthi zomphakathi eRussia. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi kulo magazini akukho olinganisiwe. Izifunda ezihlukene zinemithetho yazo yokusebenzisa izimoto zomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi yikuphi futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zamalungelo okuhamba.

Okuwukuphela kwenkambiso yokuhamba mahhala, okwakhiwe ngabantu base-Veterans, kanye nezingane ezincane kakhulu, uma zingenayo indawo ehlukile. Kodwa kulokho konke konke kuyedwa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi bonke abahola impesheni bangathola isaphulelo ekuhambeni, noma kungenzeka ukuhamba mahhala. Kunoma yikuphi, lesi sigaba sabantu sizobe sibalwe phakathi kwabazuzi. Into esemqoka akumele ukhohlwe ukwethula imibhalo (amathikithi okuhamba, izitifiketi, izitifiketi) - ngaphandle kwezakhamizi zazo kufanele ziphikiswe amabhonasi. Ilungelo lokuhamba ezokuthutha zomphakathi alinakusetshenziswa kulokhu.