Polymerization of propylene: umdwebo kwesibalo ifomula

Kuyini propylene polymerization? Yiziphi izici Yiqiniso okunjena chemical? Ake sizame ukuthola izimpendulo enemininingwane zale mibuzo.

Kwebalingisi compounds

Isikimu polymerization ukusabela of ethylene futhi propylene abonise ejwayelekile chemical izakhiwo emimoya wonke amalungu ekilasini olefins. Leli gama engavamile alesi sigaba kwaba igama elidala esetshenziswa amafutha umkhakha zamakhemikhali. Esikhathini 18th ethylene ekhulwini chloride etholwe, owawungumnyaka nemiyo ketshezi oily.

Phakathi izici wonke amalungu isigaba unsaturated hydrocarbon aliphatic uqaphele khona kuzo kwebhondi double.

polymerization Radical ka propylene alichaza khona kule nokwakheka ketshezi isibopho double.

Ifomula jikelele

Zonke abameleli uchungechunge homologous ka alkenes ifomula jikelele ine uhlobo C _n H _2N. Inani ezinganele hydrogen e isici isakhiwo uchaza nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali yalezi hydrocarbon.

I kwesibalo ukuthi bayavuma ka polymerization of propylene iwukuqinisekisa ngqo ngokuthi kwakungenzeka lokhu yokuxhumana discontinuity usebenzisa lokushisa eliphezulu kulethe.

Unsaturated olukhulu ngokuthi Allyl noma 2-propenyl. Kungani polymerization of propylene Kwenziwa? Umkhiqizo yalesi ukuxhumana kusebenza for synthesis zokwenziwa iraba, okuyinto yena, kuyinto ezifunwayo yesimanje amakhemikhali umkhakha.

izakhiwo

Propylene polymerization I kwesibalo kuqinisekisa hhayi kuphela ngamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi izakhiwo ngokomzimba we ketshezi. Propylene kuyinto into gaseous nge ongaphakeme ukubila amaphuzu futhi ukuncibilika. Ummeleli we ekilasini alkenes has solubility azinakwa yamanzi.

chemical izakhiwo

Zibalo propylene polymerization ukusabela isobutylene futhi ubonise ukuthi inqubo isibopho double. monomers Ifanele kukhona alkenes, nemikhiqizo ukuphela kwalesi ukuxhumana kukhona polypropylene futhi polyisobutylene. Lokho isibopho carbon-carbon ukuxhumana okunjalo ziyowa futhi ekugcineni iyoba izakhiwo ezifanele.

Isibopho double kwetinhlavu izibopho omusha oyedwa. Njengoba propylene polymerization senzeka? Mshini yale nqubo iyafana inqubo okwenzeka kuzo zonke ezinye amalungu alesi sigaba of hydrocarbon unsaturated.

I polymerization ukusabela propylene kuhilela embodiments eziningana ukuvuza. Esimweni sokuqala inqubo yenziwa esigabeni igesi. Ngokwe-samuntu yesibili, ukusabela okuphuma esigabeni ketshezi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, propylene futhi ukuqhutshwa polymerization ezinye inqubo akusebenzi ezihilela ukusetshenziswa njengoba medium ukusabela a elihlale hydrocarbon ketshezi.

ubuchwepheshe besimanje

Propylene polymerization ngobuningi ku Spheripol ubuchwepheshe luyinhlanganisela a ophendulayo slurry ukwenziwa homopolymers. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa igesi okhombisa ophendulayo psevdozhidkostnym ungqimba ukudala block copolymers. Kulokhu, ukusabela propylene polymerization kuhilela kwalokho extra apharathasi yelikhono ehambisanayo nokuqhuba prepolymerization.

inqubo Izici

Le nqubo ihilela ukuxuba yezingxenye e idivayisi okhethekile ngoku-ushintsho. Ngokulandelayo, le ngxube is ungeze ophendulayo polymerization iluphu, lapho ihlinzekwa, ne-hydrogen, kanti propylene qeda.

sikhungo umsebenzi wenziwa at okushisa ezisukela 65 kuya ku-80 degrees Celsius. Ingcindezi ohlelweni ingeqi 40 ibha. Sikhungo ukuthi ahlelwe chungechunge, asetshenziswa ezimbonini yakhelwe ukwenza omningi imikhiqizo polymer.

Kusukela ophendulayo yesibili, ikhambi polymer isuswe. Polymerization of propylene e isixazululo kuhilela ukudluliselwa degasser Umfutho. Kube eyenziwa ekususeni particulate homopolymer we monomer ketshezi.

ukukhiqizwa block copolymers

Propylene polymerization sesibalo CH2 = CH - CH3 kulesi simo has indinganiso percolation indlela, kunomehluko kuphela izimo yenqubo. Bekanye propylene futhi ethene powder kusukela degasser uku ophendulayo igesi esigabeni ezisebenza ezingeni lokushisa mayelana 70 degrees Celsius futhi ingcindezi ezingekho ngaphezu 15 ibha.

Block copolymers emva kokususwa kusukela ophendulayo sidla okhetheke qeda particulate polymer kusukela uhlelo monomer.

Polymerization of propylene futhi butadiene umthelela zinhlobo ukumelana evumela ukusetshenziswa yesibili igesi esigabeni ophendulayo. It ivumela ukwandisa ezingeni propylene ku polymer. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuba wengeze izithasiselo umkhiqizo osuphelile, ukusetshenziswa granulation kunomthelela izinga lomkhiqizo okuholela.

Ngokucacile of polymerization of alkenes

Kukhona ezinye umehluko phakathi kokwenza polyethylene ne-polypropylene. Propylene polymerization I kwesibalo ivumela ukuqonda ukuthi isicelo olulindelekile of lokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye umehluko zikhona esigabeni sokugcina inqubo chain, kanye ezindaweni ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo sokugcina.

I peroxide esetshenziselwa inhlaka, okuyinto enhle kakhulu izakhiwo rheological. Baye aphakeme amazinga ukugeleza ncibilika, izakhiwo efanayo ngokomzimba kulabo izinto ezithinta ongaphakeme ncibilika ukugeleza Inkomba.

Inhlaka kokuba kakhulu izakhiwo rheological, isetshenziswa umjovo inqubo yokubumba, futhi esimweni yokukhiqiza zesivikelo sesifuba.

Ukuze uthuthukise obala kanye namandla we izinto polymeric abakhiqizi uzame ukuze ungeze ingxube yokusabela crystallizes izithasiselo ekhethekile. Ingxenye polypropylene izinto okusobala kancane kancane esikhundleni ezinye izinto emkhakheni igalelo udini nokudalwa ekusakazeni.

polymerization Izici

Polymerization of propylene ku khona i-carbon isebenze lishesha. Esikhathini okwamanje elifakwe carbon kulethe eziyinkimbinkimbi nge metal shintsho, esekelwe umthamo adsorptive carbon. Umkhiqizo polymerization etholwe kokuba kakhulu izici nokusebenza.

Amapharamitha eyinhloko inqubo polymerization izenzo yokusabela isilinganiso kanye isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye ukwakheka stereoisomeric we polymer. Inani futhi ine uhlobo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ekwandeni, polymerization amaphakathi, degree of msulwa yezingxenye ukuphendula uhlelo.

polymer Linear is etholwe isigaba eyohlobo futhi heterogeneous, uma umbuzo ethylene. Isizathu ukuthi engekho regioisomers izidakamizwa. Ukuze uthole polypropylene isotactic, zama ukusebenzisa okuqinile titanium chloride kanye ne-aluminium compounds.

Lapho ebonisa indlela lo adsorbed eziyinkimbinkimbi phezu chloride crystalline titanium (3), kungenzeka ukuthola umkhiqizo kanye izici oyifunayo. yenethiwekhi ngehele njalo akuyona into eyanele yokuzuza stereospecificity eliphezulu ekwandeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukhetha titanium iodide (3) lapho siya polymer atactic ngaphezulu.

Okungenhla izingxenye kulethe kukhona Lewis uhlamvu, ngakho elihlobene ne ukukhethwa medium. Imvelo elihle kunawo ukusetshenziswa hydrocarbon inert. Njengoba titanium chloride (5) iyona adsorbent asebenzayo, akhethiwe hydrocarbon ikakhulu aliphatic. Njengoba propylene polymerization senzeka? Umkhiqizo Ifomula (-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -) n. efana ukusabela ukuqhubeka kule namanye amalungu lokhu homologous chungechunge ngokwayo ukusabela algorithm.

chemical nokuxhumana

Hlaziya ongakhetha eziyisisekelo ekuxhumaneni propylene. Uma ucabangela ukuthi isakhiwo yayo has a isibopho double, ukusabela main zenzeka ngokunembile nge ukubhujiswa kwalo.

I halogenation Kwenziwa ngaso lokushisa kuma. Endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi zokuxhumana igebe kwenzeka unimpeded ukubusa Halogen. Kwakheka digalogenproizvodnoe kwakwakhe Ngenxa yalokhu nokuxhumana. Into enzima kunazo zonke kwenzekani iodization. Bromination futhi chlorination ukuqhutshwa ngaphandle eminye imibandela kanye nezindleko amandla. Fluorination ka propylene wabe ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ukusabela hydrogenation kuhilela ukusetshenziswa i namafutha ezengeziwe. I kulethe uba-platinum, ne-nickel. Ngenxa yalokho nokuxhumana amakhemikhali propylene ne-hydrogen, propane elakhiwe - a besigaba ka hydrocarbon ayegcwele.

Hydration (uxhumano amanzi) Kwenziwa VV Markovnikov umthetho. essence yayo siqukethe ukujoyina isibopho kabili athomu ye-hydrogen-carbon ka propylene esesikhundleni senani esiphezulu. Kulokhu Halogen unamathele C, okuyinto has a inombolo ubuncane hydrogen.

Ukuze propylene omlilo ejwayelekile emoyeni umoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yalokhu nokuxhumana izotholwa imikhiqizo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-carbon dioxide, amanzi umusi.

Lapho isenzo oxidants chemical eqinile ezifana potassium permanganate, kuba waphawula ukushintsha kombala. Phakathi umkhiqizo ukuphendula kuyinto utshwala dihydric (glycol).

Ulungiselela propylene

Zonke izindlela zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili main: laboratory, ezimbonini. Ngo-laboratory bengathola propylene ne ukuqedwa hydrogen halide kusukela ukuqala haloalkyl lapho zihlatshwa ikhambi utshwala sodium hydroxide.

Propylene kuveza hydrogenation okhanda amanye amathuba propyne. ketshezi ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri ingatholakala amanzi emzimbeni ka propanol-1. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela chemical isetshenziswa kulethe of wali band noma sulfuric acid, aluminium oxide.

Kanjani ukuze uthole propylene obuningi? Ngenxa yokuthi ubunjalo kumakhemikhali ezingavamile, lakhiwe embodiments zezimboni yalo irisidi. Okuvame kakhulu iyona Ukukhethwa alkene kusukela imikhiqizo kaphethiloli.

Ngokwesibonelo, e uwoyela ongahluziwe ngokuhlaziya e ngombhede okhethekile fluidized. Propylene is sitholwe ingxenyenamba pyrolysis uphethiloli. Okwamanje alkene futhi ukuzihlanganisa igesi ezihlobene, imikhiqizo gaseous ka coking amalahle.

Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ongakhetha propylene pyrolysis:

• e tube amaziko;
• ku ophendulayo usebenzisa asebenza ngebhethri kokupholisayo;
• inqubo Yakobson;
• pyrolysis autothermal ka Bartlomiej indlela.

Phakathi ezimbonini kufanele ubuchwepheshe kanye dehydrogenation okhanda amanye amathuba hydrocarbon elihlale kuphawulwe.

isicelo

Propylene has ezihlukahlukene kwezicelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho okuthiwa i-ngezinga elikhulu esikhathini umkhakha. ukubukeka kwakhe hydrocarbon unsaturated uboshelwe usebenza Natta. Phakathi nekhulu le-lamashumi amabili usebenzisa i Ziegler, ithuthukiswe polymerization ubuchwepheshe.

Natta isotactic uphatha ukuthola umkhiqizo ethiwa kubo isotactic, kusukela isakhiwo amaqembu methyl ahlelwe ngakolunye uhlangothi lwale iketanga. Nale samuntu, "emaphaketheni" yezinhlayiya polymer, okuholela impahla polymeric ine omuhle kakhulu izici lokukhanda. Polypropylene isetshenziswa womshini nezindwangu zokwenziwa, njengoba kushiwo ku mass plastic.

Cishe amaphesenti ayishumi of amafutha idliwe ukwenziwa propylene oxide yalo. Kuze phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, lokhu izinto eziphilayo laliqongelelwe indlela chlorohydrin. Ukusabela okuphuma ngokusebenzisa kumiswa propilenhlorgidrina Lesisemkhatsini. Kulesi ubuchwepheshe has nemiphumela ethile engathandeki ezithile okuyizinto ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa chlorine ezibizayo futhi lime amanzi amaningi.

Namuhla inqubo chalcone esiye sathatha indawo ubuchwepheshe. Kusekelwe ukuxhumana amakhemikhali propene nge hydroperoxides. Propylene oxide isetshenziswa synthesis propilengligolya uya akhiqize polyurethane foams. Basuke kubhekwe ukushaqeka esihle iyavuleka izinto, ngakho uya ukudalwa emabhokisini mata, ifenisha, ukushisa nangokuvikela izinto, uketshezi futhi sorbent isihlungi abezindaba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi izicelo eyinhloko propylene kudingekile ukubalula synthesis acetone futhi isopropyl alcohol. Isopropyl alcohol, ekubeni i kuphela esihle, kubhekwa a imikhiqizo eyigugu zamakhemikhali. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, umkhiqizo organic etholwe sulfuric acid indlela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe we hydration ngqo ka propene ukuze yethula ukusabela ingxube yelikhono ene-asidi. Cishe ingxenye yabo bonke propanol ekhiqizwa ingena acetone zamagama. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela kuhilela ukuqedwa hydrogen Kwenziwa at 380 degrees Celsius. Catalysts kule nqubo kukhona zinc nethusi.

Phakathi imikhakha ebalulekile ukusetshenziswa propylene hydroformylation unendima ekhethekile. Prop eya ukukhiqizwa aldehydes. Oksisintez ezweni lethu zaqala ukusetshenziswa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule. Okwamanje, lesi simo linendima ebalulekile embonini Petrochemical. I chemical ukusabela propylene nge zamagama igesi (ingxube carbon monoxide ne-hydrogen) at lokushisa 180, ethi ayibe oxide kulethe kanye ingcindezi 250 eziphindwe siyenzeka kumiswa aldehydes ezimbili. Omunye has a isakhiwo evamile, kwesibili - lwalugobile carbon chain.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokutholakala kwale nqubo, kuba okunjena uye kugcine sekugxile kuyo ucwaningo ososayensi abaningi. Afuna izindlela ukukwehlisela nemibandela ivela khona, wazama ukwehlisa amaphesenti ingxube umphumela branched aldehyde isakhiwo.

Ngenxa yale njongo kwathiwa basungula izinqubo ukonga ezihilela ukusetshenziswa kwezinye yelikhono. Kwakunokwenzeka ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, ukwandisa isivuno komugqa aldehyde isakhiwo.

Esters of acrylic acid nayo elihlobene ne-polymerization of propylene isetshenziswa njengoba copolymers. Mayelana amaphesenti angu-15 propene Petrochemical isetshenziswa endaweni eqala impahla ukudala akrionitrila. Uphiko organic adingekayo ukukhiqizwa eyigugu chemical fibre - nitrone, ukudalwa zepulasitiki, ukukhiqizwa zenjoloba.

isiphetho

Polypropylene kubhekwa manje ukukhiqizwa kwekulu Petrochemical. Isidingo eliphezulu futhi eziphansi polymer ukwanda, ngakho-ke kancane kancane esikhundleni polyethylene. Kuyinto esisemqoka ukudala emaphaketheni eqinile amapuleti, amafilimu, izingxenye yezimoto, zokwenziwa iphepha, intambo, ukhaphethi izingcezu, kanye ukudala ezihlukahlukene zasendlini. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-ukukhiqizwa polypropylene kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye lifaka yesibili embonini polymer. Ikhumbula izidingo kwimisebenzi ehlukile, singaphetha ngokuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze nokuthambekela kwezinhliziyo ukukhiqizwa emikhulu of propylene futhi ethylene.