Geology - isayensi lokho? Yini benze izazi zokuma komhlaba? izinkinga Modern yokwakheka komhlaba

"Okomhlaba - indlela yokuphila" - kungenzeka ukutshela sesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, ephendula umbuzo mayelana umsebenzi wakhe, ngaphambi kokuba aye ukuze ome futhi zomile kumagama, echaza ukuthi nokwakheka - isayensi mayelana nesakhiwo kanye nokwakheka umhlaba, umlando lokuzalwa yayo, ukwakheka kanye nemithetho ekuthuthukisweni uma eziningi, futhi manje-ke ngeshwa, "kulinganiselwa ukuthi" ingcebo emathunjini ayo. Okunye amaplanethi yesimiso sonozungezilanga futhi into ucwaningo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Incazelo isayensi zivame ukuqala ngempikiswano umlando umsuka waso nokwanda ekwakhekeni, enganakile ukuthi indaba igcwele imigomo okungacaci nezincazelo, ngakho-ke okokuqala on izinzuzo.

Izigaba ucwaningo Geological

Isikimu ezivamile zocwaningo ukulandelana, lapho ungakwazi "sinezele" wonke umsebenzi Geological zihlose ukuthola enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi (i-ISAYA), ngokuyisisekelo kanje: inhlolovo Geological (namabalazwe outcrops amatshe zokwakheka Geological), ukusebenza search , ukukhalipha, ukubala reserves, umbiko umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Shooting, kuqhutshwe futhi ukuhlola, esikhundleni salokho, yebo, yahlukaniswa ngezigaba, kuncike umsebenzi walo futhi ngokuphathelene nokufaneleka kwabo.

Ukuze afeze umsebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana abathintekayo ibutho ochwepheshe ehlukahlukene yasakazwa zochwepheshe Geological, okuyizinto Ngalokhu sokuma ubenawo okuningi kuka ezingeni "okuncane konke," ngoba ebhekene umsebenzi ukuhlanganisa konke lokhu ulwazi olunzulu kanye ekugcineni ukuza kokutholakala idiphozi ( noma kwenze) njengoba komhlaba - isayensi ukuthi etadisha emathunjini omhlaba kwasekuqaleni sokuthuthukiswa izidubedube.

Umndeni Geological Sciences

Njengezinye isayensi (i-physics, i-biology, i-chemistry, i-geography, nokunye. D.), Okomhlaba limelela iqoqo esihlobene futhi kwahlanganiswa nomunye eyala zesayensi.

Ngqo izifundo Geological zihlanganisa jikelele nawesifunda yokwakheka komhlaba, mineralogy, ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba, geomorphology, Geochemistry, lithology, i-paleontology nesayensi, petrology, petrography, gemology, stratigraphy, yokuma komhlaba zomlando, crystallography, hydrogeology, yokuma komhlaba zasolwandle, volcanology futhi sedimentology.

Ngu isicelo, methodological, ezobuchwepheshe, ezomnotho kanye namanye ahlobene wesayensi Geological zihlanganisa ubunjiniyela yokwakheka komhlaba, seismology, petrophysics, omsakazo, geography, yokuma komhlaba, amaminerali, Geophysics, inhlabathi isayensi, geodesy, Oceanography, oceanology, geostatistics, geotechnology, geoinformatics, geotechnology, yokusungula kanye nokuqapha umhlaba, nokuphathwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba, isimo sezulu, ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe, i-meteorology kanye nesayensi asemkhathini chungechunge.

"Bangempela", emkhakheni nokwakheka uhlala kakhulu okuchazayo ke ziwumthwalo umculi umthwalo wemfanelo othile kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi, Ngakho-ke, yokuma komhlaba ziye zasungula ulimi ezinganeni zabo, njengezintshe neminye imikhakha yesayensi, akuyona ngaphandle kolimi, logic futhi izimiso zokuhle.

Kusukela prospecting nokuhlola imizila, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude - cishe ukusebenza okubuthana, sesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, njalo wadalula esilingweni subjective, kodwa ngendlela efanele futhi kahle yethulwa ukuze izahlulelo noma iziphetho, futhi ngakho, ngeshwa, kwenzeka. Ziyingozi "iphutha" kungaholela emiphumeleni engathí sina kakhulu kokubili ucwaningo kanye ukukhiqizwa, kanye nemigomo nasezintweni ezixubile kwezomnotho, ngakho-ke, isazi sokuma umane alinalo ilungelo nenkohliso, ukuhlanekezela kanye iphutha njengoba sapper noma udokotela ohlinzayo.

Geoscience backbone nakhiwe uchungechunge phezulu (Geochemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, lithology, yokuma komhlaba futhi empeleni paleontology kuhlanganise ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba, stratigraphy yokwakheka komhlaba historical), sibonakalisa isigaba sabefundisi zilandelana okwandisa yinkimbinkimbi lezinto kusukela cwaningo zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane emhlabeni wonkana.

Ngayinye yalezi wesayensi kabanzi branched bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, kanye nokwakheka langempela kuhlanganisa ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba, stratigraphy yokwakheka komhlaba zomlando.

Geochemistry

Ngenxa yalokhu isayensi izinkinga yokusabalalisa izakhi emkhathini, hydrosphere futhi lithosphere.

Geochemistry Modern kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi eyala zesayensi, kuhlanganise Geochemistry zesifunda, biogeochemistry nezindlela geochemical ukuhlola imali amaminerali. Isihloko esifundwayo zonke lezi eyala yilezi imithetho yokufuduka izakhi, izimo zabo emakamu, ngokwahlukana kabusha sebethule, kanye izinqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo we izindlela okuvela element ngayinye noma izinhlangano izakhiwo eziningana ayefana kakhulu.

Geochemistry esekelwe izakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo atomic ketshezi crystalline e idatha nemingcele thermodynamic esibonisa ingxenye uqweqwe noma igobolondo ngabanye, kanye amaphetheni jikelele eyenziwe izinqubo thermodynamic.

Direct izifundo inkinga geochemical e komhlaba - MPO ukuthola, ngakho umsebenzi ukuhlola phezu namaminerali ore ngempela kwandulelwe futhi kuhambisane ucwaningo geochemical, imiphumela okuyinto abelwe amabanga of bahlakaze ingxenye ewusizo.

mineralogy

Esinye sezigaba main kunawo sciences Geological, ukuhlola izwe enkulu, enhle, umnandi kakhulu futhi engaqondakali amaminerali. izifundo Mineralogical, izifiso, izimpokophelo izindlela ezincike ku imisebenzi ethize eyenziwa kuzo zonke izigaba prospecting futhi ukuhlola zihlanganisa anhlobonhlobo nezindlela zokuhlola okubonakalayo ukwakheka amaminerali ne-electron microscopy futhi-X-ray ukuhlola.

On ngokudubula izigaba, kuqhutshwe futhi Ukuhlolwa MPO izifundo ziqhutshwa ukucacisa mineralogical nokuseshiwe kanye nokuhlolwa owandulelayo ukubaluleka esisebenzayo imali okungenzeka.

Esigabeni ukuhlola umsebenzi Geological kokuhlaziywa ore izinqolobane namaminerali-non-metallic esungulwe wako qualitative ambalwa amaminerali yokwakheka ukuhlonza amanyela okuzuzisayo nokulimazayo iyiphi idatha ziyabhekelelwa lapho ekhetha ubuchwepheshe ukwelashwa noma isiphetho mayelana nekhwalithi izinto zokusetshenziswa.

Ngaphezu Ucwaningo olunzulu Ukwakheka yamadwala, yezinjongo eziyinhloko kukhona isifundo lwamaphethini mineralogy namaminerali inhlanganisela ku izinhlangano yemvelo futhi ekuthuthukiseni izimiso ka systematics zezinto eziphilayo nokumbiwa.

crystallography

Uma kuthathwa njengengxenye crystallography mineralogy, futhi uhlobene eduze yemvelo futhi esobala, kodwa namuhla kuyinto isayensi ezimele kuncike nocwaningo izindlela zalo siqu. Imisebenzi basesimweni Crystallography Ucwaningo olunzulu isakhiwo, izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi optical zinhlayiya ngesikhathi kumiswa yabo futhi izici nokuxhumana imvelo, kanye nezinguquko ezenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya imithelela imvelo ehlukahlukene.

Isayensi amakristalu uyahlukaniswa ngu crystallography physicochemical ukuthi study amaphethini ukwakheka nokukhula amakristalu, ukuziphatha kwabo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile kuya ukuma nokwakheka kanye crystallography weJiyomethri, okuyizinto emithethweni weJiyomethri elawula ukuma wesimethri we crystal.

ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba

Ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba ingenye izihloko core komhlaba etadisha isakhiwo koqweqwe ngokuya kwesakhiwo, izici lasungulwa nokuthuthukiswa ngaphansi kwesimo iminyakazo multiscale, deformations, amaphutha dislocations kubangelwa izinqubo ezijulile.

Tektonika ihlukaniswe zesifunda, kwesakhiwo (morphology), zomlando isicelo amagatsha.

isiqondiso Regional usebenza izakhiwo ezifana amapulatifomu, amapuleti, amabhodi, eligoqiwe esifundeni ayimigodi izilwandle nasolwandle, uguqule amaphutha, kudaleka zone kanye t. D.

Njengoba isibonelo, uhlelo lesifunda kwesakhiwo zomhlaba, okuyinto libhekene nokwakheka yeRussia. Ingxenye European yezwe itholakala emsamo East-European, eyakhiwa igneous Precambrian namadwala metamorphic. Insimu phakathi Urals kanye Yenisey itholakala endaweni yesikhulumi West laseSiberia. Kusukela Yenisei kuya Yelena ubabonisa laseSiberia Ipulatifomu (Central laseSiberia Plateau). Le ndawo eligoqiwe ethulwa Ural-Mongolian, Pacific nebhande kancane Alpide.

ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba morphological kuqhathaniswa ne izifundo lesifunda nesakhiwo oda aphansi.

Umlando umsuka kanye kumiswa izinhlobo eziyisisekelo amafomu isakhi izilwandle futhi amazwekazi endaweni Geotectonics mlando.

endaweni Isicelo ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba elihlobene ne-ukuhlonza regularities ezahlukene ISAYA ngokuqondene uhlobo oluthile izakhiwo morphological kanye nezici yentuthuko yabo.

I "Mercantile" Geological umqondo amaphutha ungqimba lomhlaba ithathwa njengokuhlola iziteshi rudopodvodyaschie futhi izici ore-ukulawula.

paleontology

Okusho ngokoqobo "yezinto izidalwa lasendulo ', i-paleontology nesayensi izifundo wezinsalela zamandulo eziphilayo futhi izinsalela zabo futhi iminonjana ukuphila, ikakhulukazi sokwehlukaniswa stratigraphic yamadwala we koqweqwe. Likhono paleontology zihlanganisa umsebenzi wokubuyisa imidwebo, khomba inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngesisekelo idatha etholwe ngenxa kabusha isithombe, izici yemvelo, izindlela yokuzalanisa ukunikeza eziphilayo lasendulo.

Ukuze izimpawu ezisobala paleontology sehlukaniswe paleozoology futhi paleobotany.

Organisms azwela yezinguquko nemingcele ngokomzimba-amakhemikhali imvelo, ngakho ayizikhombisi onokwethenjelwa izimo lapho kwakhiwa emadwaleni. Kule lulandela Okusondele yokwakheka komhlaba ne-paleontology.

Kususelwa izifundo ezimbiwa phansi kanye imiphumela Tincumo engu ngokuphelele indlela okwakheke ngayo Geological sakhiwa isikali geochronological, lapho umlando umhlaba uhlukaniswe nangenkathi Geological (archaea, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, futhi Mezozoic Cainozoe). AD zihlukaniswe nezikhathi, nalabo yena, ahlukaniselwe ubudala.

Siphila Pleistocene (iminyaka 20,000 edlule kuze kube manje) kwesikhathi eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni, elaqala 1 million edlule.

petrography

Ucwaningo we Ukwakheka samaminerali igneous, metamorphic namadwala sedimentary, izici zabo textural kwesakhiwo ehilelekile nesisekelo futhi petrography (petrology). Ucwaningo lwenziwa usebenzisa ngesibonakhulu polarizing e imisebe odlulayo namaza okukhanya. Ngenxa yale njongo amasampuli idwala usike mncane (0,03-0,02 mm), ipuleti (izigaba mncane) ke ethe njo ipuleti ingilazi nge Canada ebhalsamu (izici optical resin eduze nalezo ingilazi).

Minerals babe esobala (iningi), kanye nezici zabo optical, ukuhlonza amaminerali namadwala imigomo. Impambaniso mncane kwesigaba izithombe zifane amaphethini ingxubevange.

Indawo ekhethekile umjikelezo we Geological Sciences kuthatha petrology yamadwala sedimentary. ukubaluleka kwakhe okukhulu theory ne practical ngenxa yokuthi isihloko ocwaningo (ezimbiwa phansi) imvula yesimanje kanye esidala luthathe-70% surface eMhlabeni.

ubunjiniyela nokwakheka

Engineering komhlaba - isayensi mayelana izici izakhiwo Ukwakheka, physico-amakhemikhali ukwakheka, sebethule kanye namandla okubakhona izingqimba engenhla ungqimba lomhlaba, okuyinto ezihlobene kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi nokwakha umsebenzi umuntu.

Ubunjiniyela survey Geological okuhloswe ngaso ukuqaliswa ukuhlolwa okubanzi nekuhlanganisa yezici Geological abangelwa izenzo zabantu kwezomnotho ngokuhlanganyela zezinqubo ezingokwemvelo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Uma sikhumbula ukuthi, kuye ngokuthi indlela yakhe yokusingatha ngesayensi yemvelo zihlukaniswe achazayo futhi inembe, yokuma komhlaba ubunjiniyela, yebo, libhekisela yokugcina, ngokungafani abaningi yakhe "amaqabane esitolo."

nokwakheka Marine

Kungaba okungalungile indiva egatsheni olubanzi komhlaba study isakhiwo Geological nezici uqweqwe eMhlabeni, i-ingxenye phansi izilwandle nezilwandle. Uma ulandela definition emfushane futhi capacious, okuyinto njani komhlaba (ucwaningo Umhlaba), i-Marine Geology - isayensi kolwandle (ocean) ngezansi, esehlanganise wonke amagatsha "isihlahla Geological" (ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba, petrography, lithology, zomlando yokwakheka komhlaba quaternary, paleogeography , stratigraphy, geomorphology, Geochemistry, Geophysics ufundisa amaminerali, njll ..).

Ucwaningo ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle baqhuba imikhumbi wahlomisa ngokukhethekile, mobile sogu lolwandle imishini units pontoons (eshalofini). Ukuze izibonelo zalokho, ngaphezu imishini, usebenzisa ezinye zivusa, zivusa ebhakedeni-uhlobo oqondile-ukugeleza tube. Ngamadivayisi ezizimele kwenziwe futhi towed enezithombe ngokuqhubekayo futhi okuqhubekayo, ithelevishini, ukuzamazama komhlaba, futhi magnetometric geolocation sokudubula.

Esikhathini sethu, izinkinga eziningi yesayensi yanamuhla ingakamiswa kwalungiswa, futhi zihlanganisa izimfihlakalo ezingaxazululeki olwandle futhi kugcwele yayo. Marine Geology ahlonishwe hhayi kuphela ngenxa isayensi, "imfihlo wenze kucace", kodwa futhi ukuze balukhulume kahle ezinkulukazi amaminerali izinsiza kwezilwandle.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko egatsheni yesimanje theory yokwakheka komhlaba zasolwandle isifundo esiphathelene umlando koqweqwe wasolwandle kanye ukuhlonza imithetho main yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Geology zomlando - isayensi nemithetho eyengamele ukuthuthukiswa koqweqwe kanye iplanethi sisonke e ababencishwe engenzeki kudlule lasungulwa kuze kube namuhla. Ukutadisha umlando kumiswa nokwakheka lithosphere kubalulekile ngoba okwenzeka ku ukunyakaza zomhlaba futhi deformations amelela izici ezibalulekile ezibe neqhaza kakhulu izinguquko ezenzeka Emhlabeni ku nangenkathi Geological esidlule.

Manje, umbono ocacile wokuthi yokwakheka komhlaba, ungabheka izimpande ke.

Trip ku umlando Umhlaba isayensi

Kunzima ukusho zeminyaka kude kangakanani emuva emlandweni yokwakheka komhlaba ibangelwa, kodwa indoda Neanderthal wayazi lokho ukwenza ummese noma imbazo, usebenzisa Flint noma obsidian (ingilazi wentaba-mlilo).

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi sika indoda bakudala kuya maphakathi nekhulu XVIII sathatha esiteji pre-yesayensi wayenemfuyo kanye kumiswa ulwazi Geological, ikakhulu imikhando of izinsimbi, ukwakha amatshe, nosawoti kanye komhlaba. On the rocks, amaminerali kanye izinqubo Geological e nokuchazwa isikhathi ukhuluma kakade ezikhathini zasendulo.

By XIII ekhulwini emazweni Asian ziye ekuthuthukiseni entabeni yezandla futhi ivela izisekelo yezimayini ore nolwazi.

Esikhathini Renaissance (xv-XVI eminyaka.) Ivunywe ngu umbono heliocentric zomhlaba (Johane. Bruno, uGalileo, uCopernicus), ozalwa ukumelwa Geological N. Stenon, uLeonardo da Vinci G. Bauer, futhi washayelwa nomqondo cosmogony P . Descartes futhi Leibniz.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka yokwakheka komhlaba njengoba isayensi (XVIII-XIX eminyaka.) Ingabe umbono cosmogonic ka Laplace futhi Kant nemibono Geological M. V Lomonosova, G. Buffon. stratigraphy Born (I. Lehmann, G. Fyuksel) ne-paleontology (JB Lamarck, B. Smith), kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni crystallography (RJ Haüy, MV Lomonosov), mineralogy (JJ Berzelius, A. Cronstedt, VM Severgin, K. F. Moos et al.), yangokwesiko geological iqala.

imiphakathi Geological kuqala kanye nezinsizakalo Geological kazwelonke wadala kule nkathi.

Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili XIX ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyilabo kokuma Geological esikhathini sikaCharles Darwin, ukusungulwa isifundiso ezisekelweni kanye geosynclines, ukuvela palaeogeography, petrography ithuluzi ukuthuthukiswa, mineralogy zofuzo theory, okuvela magma imiqondo nezimfundiso nsimbi. Amafutha baqala ukuvela komhlaba futhi Geophysics athole umfutho (magnetometry, gravimetry, seismometry futhi seismology). Ngo 1882, i-Geological iKomidi Russia yasungulwa.

Modern Geology inkathi ukuthuthukiswa waqala maphakathi nawo XX leminyaka, lapho isayensi Zomhlaba usefunde computer usezuze imishini emisha laboratory, amathuluzi kanye hardware, ukuvumela ukuqhubeka izifundo Geological futhi Geophysical kwezilwandle namaplanethi eliseduze.

I evelele kunazo impumelelo yezesayensi babe imfundiso yokuziphendukela metasomatic nokuklanywa Korzhinsky, imfundiso kaZiqu-facies metamorphism theory Strakhov kuzinhlobo Lithogenesis, isingeniso izindlela geochemical ka prospecting ngoba nsimbi nabanye.

Ngaphansi kobuholi AL Yanshina, N. S. Shatskogo futhi A. A. Bogdanova okwenziwe ubuke imephu zomhlaba waseYurophu nase-Asia, yakhiwa atlases paleogeographic.

Yasungulwa nomqondo ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba omusha global (JT Wilson G. Hess, V. E. Hain njll ...), Far phambili wangena geodynamics, ubunjiniyela komhlaba futhi hydrogeology, sabeka isiqondiso entsha e komhlaba - imvelo, okuyinto namuhla sekuyinto ehamba phambili.

izinkinga Modern yokwakheka komhlaba

Namuhla, izindaba eziningi eyisisekelo wesimanje nezindaba isayensi ahlale kungalungiswanga, futhi lezi zinkinga akuzona esingaphansi engamakhulu. Sikhuluma ngesisekelo begazi ukwazi, izimfihlakalo inkumbulo, ubunjalo isikhathi namandla adonsela phansi, umsuka izinkanyezi, izimbobo omnyama kanye nebunjalo baletinye izinto emkhathini. On the nokwakheka share lehla izinkinga eziningi kakhulu ukuthi kusafanele ukuqonda. Lokhu kumayelana ikakhulu isakhiwo kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo yonke, kanye izinqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi Earth.

Namuhla Geology Inani senyukile ngenxa isidingo control kanye ne-accounting usongo elikhulayo imiphumela eyinhlekelele Geological yomsebenzi wezomnotho engasimeme, izinkinga ngodlame kwemvelo.

kumiswa Geological eRussia

Ukwakheka kumiswa yesimanje Geological eRussia lihlotshaniswa kuvulwa Petersburg Corps of Imayini Engineers (Ikusasa Imayini Institute) nokumiswa YaseMoscow University, nokwanda yaqala lapho ngo-1930, yasungulwa ngo-Leningrad, futhi bese sidluliselwe eMoscow Isikhungo Geology (manje Gin AH CCCP).

Namuhla Geological Institute iyona izikhungo ehola ucwaningo emkhakheni stratigraphy, lithology, ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba kanye nomlando Geological lomjikelezo of Sciences. Emisebenzini emikhulu ehlobene ne ukuthuthukiswa izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi eyisisekelo isakhiwo kanye kumiswa uqweqwe wasolwandle kanye nasemazweni, ukutadisha ukuvela idwala kumiswa amazwekazi futhi sedimentation in izilwandle geochronology, ukuhlanganisa global izinqubo Geological kanye izenzakalo, kanye nabanye.

By the way, owandulela Gin kwaba Mineralogical Museum, kabusha 1898 eMnyuziyamu Geology, bese ngo-1912 e-Geological futhi Mineralogical Museum. Petra Velikogo.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwe isisekelo ukwakheka Geological eRussia isekelwe esimisweni zintathu: isayensi - okufundisa - umkhuba. Lomgomo, naphezu inhlokomo yokwakha kabusha, yokuma komhlaba zemfundo kufanele kube namuhla.

Ngo-1999, isinqumo seBhodi Ministry of Education and Natural Resources of Russia zamukela imfundiso ka ukwakheka Geological okuyinto isidlulile approbation ezikhungweni zemfundo kanye amaqembu ukukhiqizwa, "ezikhulayo" abasebenzi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Namuhla imfundo ephakeme Geological itholakala ezingaphezu kwezingu-30 amanyuvesi Russian.

Futhi uyayekela "ukuhlola ehlathini" noma ushiye "kule asemaqeleni kwelanga, kanjalo" esikhathini sethu - akusiyo njengoba ehlonishwayo njengoba kanye, umsebenzi, isazi sokuma ekhetha wakhe ngoba "bayajabula, umuntu ujwayelene umuzwa ubuhlungu komgwaqo" ...